tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20937903209543948662024-03-07T19:35:40.093-08:00Essay writing helperBest American History Research Paper TopicsVivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-86588170297644447822020-08-24T21:23:00.001-07:002020-08-24T21:23:02.599-07:00Taxation in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsTax assessment in UK - Essay Example The paper tells that the Largest wellspring of income assortment for government is annual expense. Everybody in the nation has an annual assessment individual stipend beneath which he doesn't need to pay charge in a specific expense year. For individuals maturing underneath 65 years have an expense remittance of à £6,475 in 2010-11. Be that as it may, in June 2010, this figure has been expanded by à £1,000 by the Chancellor in this way the assessment individual remittance is à £7,475. In the event that anybody has a salary underneath the annual assessment individual remittance, he should cover any duty in any case on the off chance that the profit of an individual is over the expense stipend, at that point he should pay as indicated by his income over this level. There are diverse duty groups and each assessment band has an alternate expense rate. Enterprise charge alludes to the duty on the benefits made by the associations in United Kingdom alongside benefits made by perpetual f oundations of organizations possessed by non-UK inhabitants just as affiliations exchanging European Union. Assortment of corporate expense is the fourth biggest wellspring of income assortment of government. Before April 1965, both the corporate assessment rate and individual expense rate were charged at a similar rate however companies should pay an extra benefit charge. Be that as it may, with the progression of time, there have been a few changes to the corporate expense and since 1997, the laws have altered a few times and now the assessment paces of organizations and people have changed. (Assessment Law Rewrite). Schedule year is a time of a year starting from the beginning of January and completion on 31st December though then again, financial year is a time of 12 successive months finishing on a day ago of any month aside from December (Tax Years). In United Kingdom, government money related year is a time of a year from April 1 to March 31. Partnerships are permitted to rec eive any year for their bookkeeping reason anyway any adjustments in the expense rate, the assessment is charged based on governmentââ¬â¢s monetary year (Introduction to Corporation Tax). Available and Tax Rate An individual acquires salary from various sources. A portion of these sources are available while some salary is charge deductable. A portion of the sources from where an individual wins is pay, benefit from any business, lease salary, profit pay, pay on credit or any security including bonds and so on. Then again, the pay of organizations is the benefits. Available groups and duty rate for the year 2011 â⬠2012 is as per the following: Taxable salary Rate of assessment 0 - ?2,560 10 percent (beginning rate for savingsâ only) 0 - ?35,000 20 percent (fundamental rate) ?35,001 - ?150,000 40 percent (higher rate) Over ?150,000 50 percent (extra rate) (Source: Income charge rates) Relevant Tax period Tax period is the time of a year where the individual wins pay from vari ous sources and on the off chance that every one of these sources aggregate to more than individual expense recompense, at that point he should settle charge. significance of immediate and backhanded expenses Direct and circuitous duties are significant for each legislature as duty assortment is one of the primary wellsprings of the administration to gather incomes. Direct expense is characterized as the duty that an individual pays straightforwardly to the legislature and this sort of assessment is legitimately forced on the individual or the association by the administration. Then again, aberrant duty can have various structures like deals charge, esteem included expense (VAT), or products or administration charge (GST) and circuitous assessment is gathered by another gathering or a middle person. The go-between at first takes the weight of this sort of duty and thereafter takes the measure of expense from the legislature by filling an assessment form, along these lines the assess ment is paid in the end to the administration through another gathering. In this way, aberrant duty is by implication gathered by the administration however with the inclusion of a middle person. Contrasts between Direct Tax and Indirect Tax Direct Tax Direct Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-18241524783019990952020-08-22T02:13:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:13:24.819-07:00The Labor Supply and China Economics Term PaperThe Labor Supply and China Economics - Term Paper Example This paper will talk about work flexibly in China. It will feature the idea of wages and work in the Chinese economy and the results of human asset improvement. Conversation Wages and Employment in the Chinese Economy The monetary changes that China has encountered as of late are portrayed by the alteration of compensation and work by private undertakings so as to augment benefits. The administration controls the wages and work of the endeavors that are possessed by the state. This is trying to improve the nature of the pay for the laborers and to control swelling. The legislature accomplishes this through setting a pay roof for every undertaking. The wages of the ventures that are better performing are controlled carefully (Chow 53). Regardless of the exacting guideline of the wages and work for these endeavors in China, the organizations have some effect on the compensation and business. The assurance of compensation and business resembles a haggling procedure with the government d isability and work authority assuming a tremendous job. All the while, the administration means to bring down compensation and higher work while the undertakings target arriving at colossal benefits (Chow 53). Aggregate Bargaining and Its Effects on the Wages and Employment Collective bartering has been utilized in numerous economies as a methods for controlling wages and work conditions. This instrument has been utilized in China to address the issue of diminishing work flexibly, which needs quick consideration. It has become the most significant wellspring of procedures for the guideline of conditions identifying with wages and work in nations, for example, China. The inclusion of the bartering understandings is extremely high in China with the open area seeing the inclusion of all the breadwinners in all occupations. The private segment has a lower inclusion of the aggregate concurrences with this inclusion differing essentially between different branches and worker classes. The restorative bartering understandings contain complete guidelines for the relationship of the work with the consideration of perspectives that are directed in different nations through the constitution or different rules. Worker's guilds are vital in the accomplishment of the aggregate bartering understandings as their significance isn't constrained to the foundation of conditions in the business and pay parts yet they are likewise significant in application and management of law in the organizations. Workers are probably not going to understand their legally binding rights without help from the worker's guilds (Li and Zax 3). In China, the aggregate bartering understandings turned into the primary type of guideline for wages and work in the twentieth century with the principal understandings offering value records for different sorts of work. These understandings turned out to be increasingly complete later as they enveloped decides that included time as well as work rules, work tim e, opportunity of affiliation and harmony commitments. The aggregate dealing understandings were from the outset finished up at the nearby premise, which secured restricted ventures. During this period, the aggregate dealing idea had not been incorporated into Chinaââ¬â¢s lawful framework. Consequently, people didn't know about the legitimate status and impacts of such understandings (Ni, Wang and Yao 19). Macroeconomic Outcomes of Human Resource Development Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-84903295955375150322020-07-24T14:02:00.001-07:002020-07-24T14:02:03.415-07:00What Re-Reading 50 Books in a Hurry Taught Me About Reading SlowlyWhat Re-Reading 50 Books in a Hurry Taught Me About Reading Slowly This is a guest post by our current Rioter in Residence, Kevin Smokler. Kevin is the author of the essay collection Practical Classics: 50 Reasons to Reread 50 Books you Havenât Touched Since High School (available now from Prometheus Books) and the editor of Bookmark Now: Writing in Unreaderly Times, A San Francisco Chronicle Notable Book of 2005. His work has appeared in the LA Times, Fast Company, Paid Content, The San Francisco Chronicle, Publishers Weekly and on National Public Radio. Follow him on Twitter @weegee. Far and away, the question I get asked the most about my project to spend a year rereading books I was assigned in high school is How? Politeness keeps too many people from asking Why? What has thus far been code for Why didnt MY favorite book from high school make your list? But everyone with a paper castle of books threatening to turn their home into a fire hazard would like to know how? How did you read 50 classics in 10 months? Answer: Not ideally. Its the only bit of sadness I have about this project, which I once described to my friend Patrick as 100% positive concentrate. Kool-Aid, no water. I didnt want to stand in judgement of high school books. I didnt want to arbitrate what you should or should not be reading. And I certainly didnt want my endorsement of reconsidering classics to be seen as a rebuke in the form of .because watching television or checking Facebook is turning you into a drooling stupidhead with the attention span of a slot machine. But I wished I had more time. I had to read 50 books in 10 months. That meant not only making some tough choices, but writing Practical Classics in the exact opposite way from what it offers: An invitation to slow down, to savor, to treat books as a luxurious feast instead of a handful of peanuts horked down while running out the door. To say that, ideally, the act of reading should be a reminder that we actually have more time than we think. Practical Classics had to be finished, snout to tail, in 10 months. That meant no hefty books (Middlemarch, Moby-Dick) no matter how much I wanted to read them, no books whose density made reading them like swimming in peanut butter (hello, the brilliant, maddening Mr. Nabokov. Hello, Mr. Chekov with your 9 dozen unpronouncable Russian-named characters). Out of fear of not finishing on time, I even had to cheat once or twice and move into the queue books I had reread many times already and therefore knew by heart. All of which left me slightly guilty, but thats just the way books are made. You get an assignment and a deadline, and you write to meet your deadline. It may actually take longer, or you can flitter-flatter around and make excuses for why its taking longer. I being Kevin Smokler, who has yet to win a Pulitzer, get tenure at Yale, or invent a boy wizard, did not conclude that flitter-flattering was in my best interests. But now that Practical Classics is real, Im softening a little on flitter and her twin brother flatter. I, like you, have a baby elephant-sized stack of books next to my side of the bed, everything I wanted to read during the 10 months I had to stay focused on reading the 50 classics Id assigned myself. I want to get to everything in that stack. I also, despite the pressures of time and self-doubt, had so much fun rereading classics that Id like to go back and read some more. Imagining that turns that baby elephant into an entire zoo. We all know this is the fate of every reader: Too many great books, not enough time. And thats a good thing. I dont want to be around the day I dust off my hands and say, Well I guess theres no more to read. That isnt any different than the day I dust off my hands and say, Well I guess thats it for sunsets, and hugs, and joyous laughter. Whats next? At war with sinking in and deeply enjoying reading is not the number of books out there but our pathological delusion that we will someday finish them all. We will not, and we know this. But our entire system of culture consumption is set out around queueslists of books, movies, songs, and news articles wed like to remember and get to. Its a great service to have these reminders for what we want to read, listen to, and see. But their very nature creates a completely false urgency that everytime we finish something theres a long line of other somethings waiting, tapping their feet impatiently and saying get on with it. The only answer I have is one you probably already know. That slowing down and taking the time to savor what you read makes it that much better. It wont spin garbage into gold (a lousy book is lousy at any speed) and you will, in aggregate over the course of your life, read less. But it will be the equivalent of having 6 good friends instead of 60 acquaintances whom you would not feel comfortable calling on the day a loved one has died. I couldnt slow down to write this book that I hope encourages slowing down, and that feels a little dishonest to me. So I cant say my example will be most representative. I just have to assume that my advocating reading slower is a premise youll have to choose to accept (or not) on faith. I saw it as a great compliment when my friend Rob said to me, Be sure to tell everyone that Practical Classics will not beep at you, will not insist on a status update or an @reply. It will not text you and ask where you are. It invites you to take some time. Even though I cannot say I followed my own advice in writing it, and probably cant in promoting it. Instead Im banking its message for a little bit later, in the meadow between the two mountains of this book and the next one. Where I will need the time to not feel hurried, to exhale, to read longingly and fully, to be ready for whats next. Ill meet all of you there in time. I know I will. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-53498533993481532102020-05-22T06:37:00.001-07:002020-05-22T06:37:04.749-07:00The Importance Of Perfluorooctanoic Acid ( Pfoa ) In the 1950ââ¬â¢s DuPont, an American industrial conglomerate, started producing Teflon at its Washington Works Plant near Parkersburg, WV; a couple of hours southeast of Columbus, Ohio on the Ohio River. Teflon is a non-stick coating commonly found on water-resistant clothing, cookware, among other things. One of the main byproducts of Teflon is perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), more commonly known as C8. DuPont s Washington Works plant released C8 into the air as well as the Ohio River until 2001, at which point abnormally high levels of the acid were detected in drinking water supplies throughout the river in Little Hocking, Ohio. The Little Hocking water system consists of five groundwater wells located immediately west (downstream) of the Ohio River and it took approximately 50 years for the C8 released into the Ohio River to reach the well fields. This is because contaminates were transferred via groundwater, which travels much slower than the riverââ¬â¢s surface water. How ever, once the C8 had infiltrated the wells, an estimated 70,000 people were exposed to contaminated water. Shortly after the harmful levels of C8 were detected in the well fields, exposure to C8 was linked to cases of kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pregnancy induced hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. As a result, in 2005, customers of Little Hocking Water (LHWA) along with five other rural water systems (Lubeck Public Service District, West Virginia; City ofShow MoreRelated Plastic Pollution and the Effects on Human Health Essay example2464 Words à |à 10 Pagesdown and recycled together to make a new product (Cernansky, 2009). This is the reason most municipalities restrict plastic recycling. This issue applies to #1 and #2 plastics along with #5, used for yogurt cups, straws and medicine bottles. The importance of sorting has led to developments of sorting processes. Current processes are limited in their capability to depict certain types of additives in plastic and are expensive to run. This is where bio-plastics have been another issue in sorting. These Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-755044755580977032020-05-07T19:03:00.001-07:002020-05-07T19:03:02.522-07:00The Tutsi And Tutsi People - 843 Words The Hutu and Tutsi people have been struggling to live together for many years. From 1959 to 1994 the Hutu and Tutsi people of Burundi and Rwanda have been bondaged together by major events that have let to the Burundi and Rwanda Genocides. But thereââ¬â¢s more to just the Genocides than what meets the eye. In order to understand what happened in the Rwanda genocide I must talk about Burundi and the Belgian rule. Hutu and Tutsi have lived in the same area for centuries and share the same language, religions, and even clan systems. Hutu and Tutsi have also intermarried for years before these genocides even occurred. For 60 years Burundi was under colonial rule of Germany until WWI when Belgium took control Ruanda-Urundi. This caused the Hutu and Tutsi people great separation because the Belgians created this division between them by choosing which ones would be Hutu and which ones would be Tutsi. Hutu were normally short and stocky, while Tutsi were tall and skinny; Dr. Hadidja Nyiransekuye pointed it out to me that there really is no difference between the Hutu and the Tutsi, you could find some Tusti that were short and stocky and you could find Hutu that were tall and skinny, also they intermarried and had children together so how couldnââ¬â¢t you really tell them apart. The Belgia ns just placed identification cards stating who people were based on what they thought was ââ¬Å"correctâ⬠in order to separate an already established country. During the Burundi genocide nearlyShow MoreRelatedRecovery for the Tutsi People in Rwanda758 Words à |à 3 Pagesof recovery needed in order for the people of Rwanda to go back to living a somewhat normal life. Some key types of recovery needed were economical, political, social, mental, and demographical. Recovery was not easy for the Tutsi people of Rwanda. Paul Kagame became president in Rwanda in 2000; with the help of Kagame, the Tutsi defeated the Hutu extremists in 1994 (source #1). Economically the recovery process has been somewhat successful for the Tutsi people. The country has outlawed plastic bagsRead MoreAnalysis of Hotel Rwanda directed by George Terry1178 Words à |à 5 PagesRwanda where the genocide occurred between people with different tribes. The film by George Terry also shows whether the role played by the international organization which is United Nations (UN) is effective in order to control the conflict that has killed a lot of people and the concern of the world about the incident. The history and relationship between Hutu and Tutsi As we look back to the 14th century of Rwanda, the indigenous people of that region composed of Hutu and anotherRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War887 Words à |à 4 PagesDelaware, claims that ââ¬Å"In 1992, Rwandaââ¬â¢s population was about 9.2 million with 83 percent Hutu and 17 percent Tutsi. However, half the Tutsi population was in exileâ⬠(73.) My claim is that the Rwandan Civil War was a fault line conflict and catalyzed the genocide between the two ethnic groups of the Hutu, and the Tutsi. The Belgian colonial power influence that was left for the Rwandan people, negatively disassociated civilizations, and insinuated the dispute over which ethnicity was superior. TheRead MoreThe Human Right Watch Has Raised Serious Concerns On The Crimes Of Genocide With Fairness890 Words à |à 4 PagesCourtââ¬â¢s ability to try the perpetrators of genocide with fairness. The Human Right Watch has criticised the capacity of the Gacaca Court to conduct fair trials for the Hutu genocidaires without state impunity in particular (Tiemessen, 2004). Before the Tutsi-dominated government in Kigali, many human rights experts have raised fundamental concerns on the ability of the Gacaca Court to guarantee fair trials of 130, 000 and genocidaires and suspects (Tiemessen, 2004). Many Hutu genocidaires have deterioratedRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War889 Words à |à 4 PagesDelaware, claims that ââ¬Å"In 1992, Rwandaââ¬â¢s population was about 9.2 million with 83 percent Hutu and 17 percent Tutsi. However, half the Tutsi population was in exileâ⬠(73.) My claim is that the Rwandan Civil War was a fault line conflict and catalyzed the genocide between the two ethnic groups of the Hutu, and the Tutsi. The Belgian colonial power influence that was left for the Rwandan people, negatively disassociated civilizations, and insinuated the dispute over which ethnicity was superior. TheRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1188 Words à |à 5 Pages(History). The two groups involved, the Hutus and Tutsis, were in a massive conflict after their president was killed. The Hutus brutally killed about 800,000 Tutsis and supporters. This tragic genocide was not stopped by other countries during its peak, leaving the world wondering why. As we commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide, it is important to be informed about the tragedy. The way to distinguish the difference between Hutus and Tutsis groups was to know where the Rwanda settlementsRead MoreRwanda And Genocide Of The Twentieth Century1370 Words à |à 6 PagesDestexhe, Alain. Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. New York, New York: New York University Press: 1995 Argues that the Hutu and Tutsi do not have a deep rooted hatred towards each other-- they shared a language, followed the same traditions, and lived in the same areas. Determines that the root of these tensions was the exaggeration of stereotypes by those in power. Indeed, politicians often played the ethnic card to explain away political difficulties. It was through political playsRead MoreA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words à |à 5 Pages Thousands of people died. The only reason is because they were a different political party. There are terrible economies. People are suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didnââ¬â¢t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didnââ¬â¢t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be alive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. RwandaRead MoreThe Conflict Between Ethnic Entrepreneurs And Rwanda1441 Words à |à 6 Pagesdifferences between distinctive social groups. In Yugoslavia, there were many distinctive groups, but in this essay only three will consistently be mentioned and they are Ustashe, Serbians, and Muslims. In Rwanda, the main two ethnic groups were Hutus and Tutsis. Secondly is coercive apparatus which is a military or police force that provides aid to the state as an aggressive resource to use. In Yugoslavia, Ustashe was the police force that supported the government in itsââ¬â¢ endeavors. After providing HistoricalRead MoreMovie Analysis : Hotel Rwanda1519 Words à |à 7 Pagesdeeply rooted and complex factors at the center of the violence, leading to popular opinion of the Hutu population as barbaric and uncivilized and the Tutsi as innocent liberators. The film is historically accurate with respect to its representation of the physical similarities between both populations, as well as its depiction of the Hutu and Tutsi living in harmony prior to the assassination of the Rwandan president. Despite these accuracies, Hotel Rwanda fails to capture the true matrix of economic Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-45941561252589174882020-05-06T09:29:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:29:07.656-07:00Free Law Essay UK Trademark Law and Fashion Brands Free Essays Does UK Trademark law offer enough protection for Fashion Brands? Introduction Alligator and Crocodile[1]. A crocodile which faces left and a crocodile which faces right[2]. ââ¬Å"Criminalâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Criminal Damageâ⬠[3]. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Law Essay: UK Trademark Law and Fashion Brands or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two bounding felines[4]. ââ¬Å"Amaze Collectionâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Ama Zingâ⬠[5]. ââ¬Å"The Gunnersâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Arsenal Gunnersâ⬠[6]. By such finely nuanced words and concepts the battleground of Trade Marks in the fashion industry is defined. The need to protect products stems from the industrial revolution[7] and has been swept along by the current of modern capitalism which has seen the field of Trade Mark registration encroach into almost every field of human industry covering sounds, smells and even 3-dimensional images. Fashion brands are often pitched at the centre of this ongoing struggle between competing companies, multinationals and street vendors alike, and individuals: the international counterfeiting fashion industry was reported in 2005 to be worth Ãâ 500 billion and can justifiably be said to be undermining the protection which UK Trademark law offers by flooding markets with cheap counterfeit goods which are in one sense undetectable by the law[8]. Are fashion brands right to think that Trade Mark law cannot keep up and take the law into their own hands[9]The counterfeiting industry is, however, the extreme end of Trade Mark violation: what of two retailers who genuinely believe they are selling a unique and distinct product, one of which is already registeredThe distinction here is sometimes extremely subtle and this dissertation will articulate these nuanced positions. The regulatory regime in the UK does provide a measure of protection to brands, but it is wise to recount Lewison Jà ¢â¬â¢s observations: ââ¬Å"English law does not, however, protect brands as such. It will protect good will (via the law of passing off); trade marks (via trade mark infringement); the use of particular words, sounds and images (via the law of copyright); and configurations of articles (via the law of unregistered design right) and so on. But to the extent that a brand is greater than the sum of the parts that English law will protect; it is defenceless against the chill wind of competitionâ⬠[10]. Within the context of Lewison Jââ¬â¢s definition there are two distinct areas of protection in the modern law of Trade Mark in the UK: the common law action of passing-off in tort and the registration regime under the Trade Mark Act 1994 which both enable the protection and enforcement of rights. This Project will address the application of both of these aspects of Trade Mark law in the UK specifically to the fashion industry. This aspect of trade mark law is a neglected one and a field which deserves closer scrutiny given that the fashion industry contributes ?21 billion to the British economy[11]as well as ethical, creative and market justifications for protection[12]. One traditional view of research, adopted by the Harvard School and articulated by Pickering[13] in this field is that the protection afforded to brands effectively creates a monopoly to the detriment of the customer[14]. A recent landmark case from 2010, however, which marked the end of a 4-year legal battle, ha s ended in victory for a small clothing retailer against an international company, La Chemise Lacoste[15]. This decision can be directly contrasted with the 40-year legal siege which finally came to an end in 2008 between La Chemise Lacoste v Crocodile International Pte Ltd[16] and recent Lacoste trademark rulings in China. This project will argue, in light of both recent developments in China and Australia regarding Lacoste and the Chemise Lacoste case itself in the UK, that the UK Trade Mark regime does provide sufficient protection both at common law and at a statutory level from the smallest street vendors to the largest Multi National Corporations and that anti-competitive arguments against trade marks are becoming less relevant: if David can beat Goliath in the landmark fashion law case of the 21st century so far, then surely the law is fulfilling its roleThe role of passing-off however, is clearly diminishing as the statutory framework grows and it is possible that when there are no holes left in the Trade Mark Act 1994 this tort will not have a role[17]. This project will use statute, textbooks, journals and newspaper articles to address the hypothesis that UK trademark law is sufficient enough for the protection of internal disputes but inadequate to deal with the blight of sophisticated international counterfeit operations. The breadth of the scholarship and sources used will be complemented by recent case law to bring the research into 2011. Such a research project can later form the basis for further research and study in the field and can be drawn upon in the future for further development and study. Literature Review The Development of Trade Mark Law Cornish and Lleweleyn[18] trace the history of Trade Mark law and note that in 1875 a campaign for a registration system succeeded in the historic Trade Marks Registration Act 1875. Pickering[19], Bently and Sherman[20], Torremans[21] and Bainbridge[22] all note the development with Pickering noting that: ââ¬Å"the advantages of protection by this method are clear: it is no longer necessary to go through the costly and laborious process of proving that a mark has an acquired reputation connected with the plaintiffâ⬠[23]. The 1905 Act saw certain advancements upon the advent of registration in 1875, notably making non-use for the previous five years a ground for the mark being removed from the Register, something which is preserved under the Trade Mark Act 1994 s.46(1)(b). Cornish and Llewelyn also observe that the inter-war years saw an increase in the commercial significance of trade marks by ââ¬Å"the spread of production, the growth of a popular press with is immense prospects for advertising, the increase of transnational business in successful products and the consequent need to shield high-priced markets against parallel imports from elsewhereâ⬠[24]. There were Acts in 1883, 1905 and 1919 but the key Act, foreshadowing the current regime, was the 1938 Trade Marks Act. This Act, as Bently and Sherman note, allowed the assignment of marks separate from the good will of the business. The criteria for registration under this Act has been widely criticised as being too complex and unduly restrictive[25], plagued by obscure drafting[26] and unclear over the consequences for non-registration[27]. Several amending acts were subsequently passed in the UK but these only added to the difficulties in the interpretation of the 1938 Act. The 1984 Trade Marks (Amendment) Act which tried to incorporate service marks into the regime was ââ¬Å"clumsyâ⬠according to Bainbridge and Torremans[28]. External pressures overtook the 1938 Act and its amendments and soon the case for a regime more in line with European countries was irresistible. Indeed, the EC directive on the harmonisation of trade mark law has been hailed as the single largest driving force behind the 1994 Act[29]. Frank Schechter, the leading historian of trade marks, is also seen as a precursor to the 1994 Act. He argued, radically at the time, for a single rational basis for trade marks and, such marks being a species of property which necessarily protects both similar and dissimilar marks, the only reason for protection is preservation of the unique nature of the mark[30]. The modern regime is enshrined in the 1994 Trade Mark Act which, in the words of Bainbridge: ââ¬Å"brought a welcome breath of fresh air to trade mark lawâ⬠¦Gone is the obscure drafting of the 1938 Act.â⬠[31] Under the 1994 Act the significant changes were that the criteria for registration were relaxed and broadened, the scope of protection for registration was enlarged and the previous formalities eradicated. Such formalities were for so long a barrier to transnational businesses who, in the words of Cornish and Llewelyn, ââ¬Å"want simple, certain and cheap registration without having to apply country by country using systems encrusted with individual idiosyncraciesâ⬠[32]. Trade Mark for fashion brands: an exposition of relevant case law (1) passing off cases The earliest case which incorporates both fashion and Trade Mark law is Southern v How[33], a case from 1618 which involved two clothes makers, one putting the others mark on his inferior product and thus giving rise to a common law action in deceit. The modern common law tort of passing off is quite different, being comprised of three elements as advocated by contemporary opinion: ââ¬Å"that confusion being generated by the activity of a trader in causing his goods or services and/or their presentation to become confused with those of the claimant, and that protection being afforded by the grant of a right of action to the trader whose economic interests and trading goodwill are harmed by the confusionâ⬠[34]. The first significant fashion case under passing off comes in 1988 in Unidoor v Marks Spencer [35] where MS were marketing t-shirts with the slogan ââ¬Å"COAST TO COASTâ⬠underneath the words ââ¬Å"Marine girlâ⬠. The plaintiffs in this action had a part B trademark for ââ¬Å"Coast to Coastâ⬠and complained of the defendantsââ¬â¢ use while the defendants challenged the validity of the plaintiffââ¬â¢s trade mark. The High Court of Justiciary, Chancery division, held that both under statute and the common law tort of passing off there was no case as the plaintiff had not acquainted the purchasing public with the fact that ââ¬Å"Coast to Coastâ⬠was a trademark of theirs. In AMAZE Collection Trade Mark[36] the distinction was a fine one between ââ¬Å"Amaze Collectionâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Ama Zingâ⬠, the plaintiffs owning the latter and the defenders owning the former. The plaintiffs applied for a declaration of invalidity under s.5(4)(a) using passing of f as a former right to rely upon. The court refused the application, holding that A had failed to establish he had owned the relevant goodwill in the company before the relevant date and in any event held that the words wouldnââ¬â¢t create any confusion in the minds of the public. In Criminal Clothing Ltdââ¬â¢s Trade Mark Application[37] the words involved were ââ¬Å"Criminalâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Criminal Damageâ⬠. This case concerned an appeal by a clothing manufacturer (C) who sought to challenge the decision of the Trade Marks Registry to uphold a decision supporting M which prevented from registering a trade mark. M had opposed Cââ¬â¢s mark as confusingly similar and for identical goods, and had claimed that because of the goodwill and reputation enjoyed by M, use of Cââ¬â¢s mark would amount to the tort of passing off. The appeal in relation to s.5(4)(a) failed as there was an acute risk of confusion according to the Chancery Division. The final case I have selected for analysis is a very recent one: Zabaââ¬â¢ish v Zebaish Clothing Ltd[38] where a company using the same name as another company to sell the same goods with a lower quality was guilty of passing off because the deceptive similarity of their names was likely to damage the goodwill of the earlier company. Judge Fysh QC put the test in the following way: ââ¬Å"A claimant alleging passing off had first to prove a reputation or goodwill in association with a particular word or mark associated with its business; secondly, a misrepresentation of some sort in the course of trade on the part of the defendant had then to be shown; finally, that misrepresentation had to be calculated or, at least, likely to damage the claimantââ¬â¢s goodwill or business.â⬠Case Law relating to Trade Mark protection in the fashion industry under TA 1994: s.5 relative grounds of refusal As noted above the recent case of Chemise Lacoste and Baker Street Clothing Ltd[39] has heralded a significant victory for a very small clothing manufacturer against the giant Lacoste under the Trade Mark Act 1994. A predecessor to the Lacoste legal wrangles under s.5 of the 1994 Act (the relative grounds of refusal) is firstly the ZIPPO Trade Mark[40] case where P registered the trademark in class 18 in respect of items of fashion. A had three prior registrations for an identical named mark for lighters. A thus applied for a declaration of invalidity on the grounds that Pââ¬â¢s mark was identical to theirs and this could lead to confusion under s.5(2). A also tried revocation on the grounds of non-use under s.46 for 5 years. The Trade Marks Registry held that the challenge of invalidity failed under s.5(2) as A had not challenged the registration of the trade mark in 1986 and secondly the s.46 revocation failed to an extent as the trunks, umbrellas and parasols had not been in use while the bags, cases and wallets had been despite the very minimal amount of use. The LOADED Trade Mark case[41] also came under s.5 in respect of the proprietor of a magazine called LOADED who appealed against the dismissal of their application opposing the registration of an identical trademark in respect of clothing. IPC contended that the application should be refused inter alia under s.5(3): damage to their reputation. The appeal was allowed as LOADED had built up significant reputation in the menââ¬â¢s magazine sector and dilution of the market as had happened could compromise advertising revenues. In Baker Street Clothing Ltd v La Chemise Lacoste (SA) Trade Mark Registry 9/12/2009, Lacoste tried to revocate the registration of Baker Streetââ¬â¢s alligator mark under s.46(1)(b) and succeeded in part. The court observed that the minimal use of certain products qualified them to escape revocation but others did not: ââ¬Å"Therefore, the evidence collectively established that in 2005 B was making preparations to secure customers and create a market share for its clothing and that that should be considered to satisfy the requirements for there to be genuine use.â⬠This case proved only a stepping stone to the landmark decision in November 2010[42] where Baker Street finally won over their multinational rival. Sections 5(2)(b), 5(3), 5(4)(a) and 56 of the Trade Marks Act 1994 were invoked by Lacoste to oppose the applications to register ALLIGATOR as a Trade Mark. The Registry significantly pointed out at paragraph 50 that: ââ¬Å"The Applicantââ¬â¢s word mark ALLIGATOR would naturally be perceived and remembered as an allusion to alligators in general. Pairing and matching it with the particular images of the Respondentââ¬â¢s marks, in circumstances where they had come to be firmly associated and identified with the name LACOSTE, looks to me like a process of analysis and approximation that the relevant average consumer would not naturally be concerned to engage in.â⬠The fashion industry: counterfeiting and attitudes to Trade Mark law Okonkwo has observed that major brands such as Burberry and Louis Vuitton consider the fight to protect their Trade Marks against counterfeiters a losing battle and are instead focusing on preventing supply in raiding stores and factories across the world[43]. Chaudry meanwhile, echoes Okonkwoââ¬â¢s findings and develops the idea of three central distribution areas which evade law and customs: ââ¬Å"established retail shops, informal channels such as ââ¬Å"flea marketsâ⬠, sidewalk vendors and clandestine shops and of course the internetâ⬠[44]. These informal locations are very much evident in the back streets of the UK and their seepage into the pores of UK commerce is evident[45] as is their dilution of the market[46] Of course the market in counterfeit goods would not exist if there wasnââ¬â¢t a demand for it[47] and Okonkwo in particular identifies study of consumers in the UK which revealed that about a third of the public would knowingly buy counterfeit goods for a variety of reasons. Phillips[48] describes the exceptionally tough stance of the French who put counterfeiters in jail for 3 years with a possible fine of 300,000 euros. Explanation of the legal position S.1(1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 provides that a trade mark is any sign which is capable of being represented graphically. This representation distinguishes the goods or services from other undertakings. The crucial point here is that once registered, the trade mark represents a property right which is vested in the owner. Given this two tier level of protection the legal position will be analyzed in relation to pre and post ââ¬â registration. When the mark has been registered or is in the process of being registered: For a trade mark to be registered, it must not fall into the grounds of refusal of registration. Under s.3 of the 1994 Act, they are firstly that the Trade Mark must have a descriptive character, it must not be descriptive of the underlying goods or services which it represents and it must not represent a customary articulation of the trade. Registration will also be refused if it is contrary to public policy or accepted levels of morality (eg being deceptive in nature). S.5 of the 1994 Act provides additional relative grounds of refusal in addition to s.3: 5. ââ¬â (1) A trade mark shall not be registered if it is identical with an earlier trade mark and the goods or services for which the trade mark is applied for are identical with the goods or services for which the earlier trade mark is protected. So if a trade mark is identical to an earlier trade mark and the trade mark applied for is for goods either identical to or similar to those for which the earlier trade mark has been registered and there exists a likelihood of public confusion then registration can be refused. The third part under s.5(3) concerns the unfair advantage or detriment caused to the ââ¬Å"distinctive characterâ⬠of the earlier trade mark and finally s.5(4) incorporates the law of passing-off by providing that a trade mark will be refused registration if in the UK there is any rule of law which prevents its use. When the mark has already been registered then s.10 of the 1994 Act is applicable: ââ¬Å"10. ââ¬â (1) A person infringes a registered trade mark if he uses in the course of trade a sign which is identical with the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which it is registered. This part of the Act is similar in its wording to s.5 but not identical in that the mark itself can either be similar or identical to the earlier trade mark in question but clearly, as Torremans points out, it is written ââ¬Å"in accord with section 5 of the Actâ⬠[49]. Torremans distils this section into a three point test: firstly is the sign used in the course of tradeSecondly are the goods and services for which the sign is used similar to those in relation to which the trade mark has been registeredAnd finally is there a likelihood of confusion because of that similarityIt should be noted finally that under s.42(1) a Trade Mark initially lasts for 10 years but through the grounds of s.46(1) if there is, for example, non-use for five years there is a ground for revocation. When the mark has not been registered Then the Trade Mark Act 1994 cannot apply and the common law must fill in where the statute cannot. Different formulations of this action have evolved over time but it is the rule laid down by Lord Diplock which according to Bainbridge, is the one that is closest to the present legal environment[50]. Lord Diplock, from the case of Spalding Bros v A W Gamage Ltd[51] , laid down a classic formulae which has been further distilled into a three-part test by Nourse LJ[52]: The goodwill of the claimant The misrepresentation made by the defendant and Consequential damage The central element of the common law action of passing-off is the goodwill element: without this there can be no action. Clearly, as Bainbridge points out, ââ¬Å"if a trader has only just started in business or has only recently started using an unregistered mark or ââ¬Ëget upââ¬â¢ he may be unable to succeed in a passing off action[53]. The central question here is whether a reputation has been acquired, regardless of the shortness of time. Regarding misrepresentation this need not be malicious as innocent misrepresentation may be enough. Finally the damage element relates to confusion in the public. Remedies at common law and under the 1994 Act At common law the remedies available are: injunctions (including interim) and/or Damages and/or Account of profits Declarator or order to destroy the offending marks[54] Under the 1994 Act the remedies are contained under s.14: Damages Interdict Count and reckoning Order under s.15 to to erase, remove or obliterate the offending sign Order under s.16 for the offending material to be sent to the correct trade mark owner[55] Analysis and/or evaluation of the particular issue. [500] UK trade mark law offers no more than adequate protection for fashion brands. As has been discussed if the trade mark of the fashion brand is registered then the full suite of rights and remedies is available under the Trade Mark Act 1994. There can be no better demonstration of the powerful protection which UK companies can claim than in the very recent La Chemise Lacoste[56] which demonstrates aptly the power of the UK system in overturning the Harvard School of thought which criticizes protection of trade mark as a form of monopoly. Although the exact consequences of this case are unclear, they can be contrasted with other Lacoste cases in both China and Australia where Lacoste was successful in preventing Crocodile International from registering further trade marks into the market. Protecting smaller retailers and larger companies alike can only enhance the credibility of the UK system when two brands have an arguable case. Case law in fashion brands and trade mark has been conducted in both the common law of passing-off and the statutory regime. It is clear that fashion brands have been using protecting their rights at both the pre and post- registration stages of a trade mark. Where the offenders are blatant counterfeiters however, it is less clear how the global plague of counterfeit goods can realistically be stopped. The seeping into markets of hordes of goods from China has diluted our economy and damaged the reputation of trade mark law: such sales on street corners, ââ¬Å"flea marketsâ⬠and clandestine shops undermine the regulatory regime and have witnessed major brands such as Burberry effectively take the law into their own hands. If they are turning their backs on trade mark law then there needs to be a serious re-examination of the strictness of anti-counterfeit laws and perhaps a more mobile type of justice which can move with the cunning criminal minds which engineer the system. Internally the trade mark system is working in the UK if the trade mark is registered. The level of ignorance about trade marks is high though and it is this state of limbo, along with the streams of counterfeit goods which penetrate the UK which render the protections of trade mark law as inadequate. A lack of awareness of the full suite of protections under the Trade Marks Act 1994 is an indictment of the system The range of remedies is very similar between the common law and statutory regimes, however, and can be said to offer a good measure of protection once it is proven that a trade mark infringement has occurred. An unregistered trade mark can be a toxic asset as the hard work and labor which has gone into its production can be undermined easily if for example confusion to the general public cannot be evidenced. Critical reflection Looking back on this dissertation I would have liked to have conducted more research into primary case law. The question itself is quite specific and the case law on intellectual property as a whole is undoubtedly vast and suffers from over-analysis. If I had more time I would have liked to have obtained case law on the full range of the 1994 Act. In this study I have only been able to find case law relating to fashion brands in respect of the relative grounds of refusal under s.5 and also the revocation regime after 5 years of non-use. Furthermore, the opinions of those in the fashion world would have been very revealing. Despite all the speculation of case law it is difficult to perceive how those who manufacture and market the brands view their legal rights: do they make use of trade mark lawDo they feel it protects themDo they feel that they have to take the law into their own handsSome quantitative research in this direction would illuminate the study and could inform a future piece of work. Conclusion In conclusion the protection of the Trade Mark laws, both at common law and the statutory regime under the 1994 Act, is adequate for companies and individuals based in Britain but inadequate when faced with the flood of counterfeit goods from countries such as China. Clearly a registered trade mark which has built up a reputation can expect excellent protection but not to the extent of a monopoly as evidenced by the recent La Chemise Lacoste case. Ignorance of the law of trade mark, the attitudes of brand manufacturers in taking the law into their own hands and searching properties and persons and the fading relevance of the common law action of passing-off all rein in the protective level of the Trade Mark Laws. Both pre and post- registration fashion brands have enjoyed the protection of the law but in this age of globalization of commerce the dangers of cheap goods bought by an often complicit public is ever present. My Recommendations: (1) Education: The general public and indeed companies need to be made aware of the benefits of trade mark law and the possible effects of not having trade mark law (for example Pakistan pharmaceuticals and lowest denominator). The range of things which can attract a trade mark, such as sounds, smells and even 3D images are simply outside the knowledge of those outside the specialized IP profession. (2) Counterfeit penalties: The French have a highly refined sense of culture and also a highly developed set of punitive measures: 3 years in prison and 300,000 euro fines act as powerful deterrents. (3) Development of the common law action of passing-off into a more embracing form which incorporates criminal offences such as under the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 s.1. (4) Further research into this area along the lines of America ââ¬â who have specialist books in this area unlike the UK where the subject is simply one which has not been considered in any detail. References [1] Baker Street Clothing Ltd v La Chemise Lacoste (SA) Trade Mark Registry 9/12/2009 [2] La Chemise Lacoste v Crocodile International Pte Ltd [2008] ATMO 90 [3] Criminal Clothing Ltdââ¬â¢s Trade Mark Application (No. 229214) [2005] EWCH 1303 (ch) [4] Sabel BV v Puma AG (C-251/95) [5] AMAZE Collection Trade Mark [1999] R.P.C. 725 [6] Arsenal v Reed (no.1) [2001] 2 C.M.L.R 23 [7] Cornish W Llewellyn D (2007) Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights p.606 [8] Okonkwo, Uche (2007) Luxury Fashion Branding: Trends, Tactics, Techniques p. 173 [9] Ibid p. 174 [10] O2 V Hutchison [2006] E.T.M.R. 677 at para 7 [11] http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/sep/15/british-fashion-industry-report-business [12] Bently Sherman (2004) Intellectual Property Law p.699 ââ¬â 702 [13] Pickering, C.D.G (1998) Trade Marks in Theory and Practice p.74 [14] Yelnik, Sasha ââ¬ËFrom the point of view of commercial value of trade marks, do current laws sufficiently protect brands from infringement?â⬠European IP law (fix) [15] In the matter of applications 2338089 and 2354259 in the name of Baker Street Clothing Limited and oppositions 94205 and 94206 by La Chemise Lacoste SA (BL 0-333-10, September 16 2010) [16] [2008] ATMO 90 [17] See Hollyoak Torremans (2005) Intellectual Property Law 4th ed [18] Cornish W Llewellyn D Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights p.606 [19] Pickering, C.D.G (1998) Trade Marks in Theory and Practice p.3 [20] Bently Sherman (2004) Intellectual Property Law p.699 ââ¬â 702 [21] Hollyoak Torremans (2005) Intellectual Property Law p.364 [22] Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.534 [23] ibid p.3 [24] Ibid p.610 [25] Bently Sherman (2004) Intellectual Property Law p.696 [26] Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.549 [27] Cornish W Llewellyn D Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights p.606 [28] Hollyoak Torremans (2005) Intellectual Property Law p.364 [29] See Pickering, C.D.G (1998) Trade Marks in Theory and Practice p.5, Cornish W Llewellyn D Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights p.611, Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.549, Phillips Firth (2001) Introduction to Intellectual Property Law 308 [30] F.Schechter ââ¬ËThe Rational Basis of Trade Market Protectionââ¬â¢ (1927) 49 Harvard LR 813, 831 [31] Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.549 [32] Cornish W Llewellyn D Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights p.611 [33] (1618) Popham 144 [34] Hollyoak Torremans (2005) Intellectual Property Law p.448 And also see Pickering, C.D.G (1998) Trade Marks in Theory and Practice p.5, Cornish W Llewellyn D Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights para 17-01, Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.640, Phillips Firth (2001) Introduction to Intellectual Property Law 308 [35] [1988] R.P.C. 275 [36] [1999] R.P.C. 725 [37] (No. 229214) [2005] EWCH 1303 (ch) [38] Patents County Court [no reference] [39] Baker Street Clothing Ltd v La Chemise Lacoste (SA) Trade Mark Registry 9/12/2009 [40] [1999] R.P.C. 173 [41] (2001) 24(2) I.P.D 24012 [42] In the matter of applications 2338089 and 2354259 in the name of Baker Street Clothing Limited and oppositions 94205 and 94206 by La Chemise Lacoste SA (BL 0-333-10, September 16 2010) [43] Okonkwo, Uche (2007) Luxury Fashion Branding: Trends, Tactics, Techniques p. 173 [44] Chaudry Zimmerman The Economics of Counterfeit Trade p.22 [45] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8576880.stm [46] Hines Bruce Fashion Marketing: Contemporary Issues p.148 [47] Okonkwo, Uche (2007) Luxury Fashion Branding: Trends, Tactics, Techniques p. 173 [48] Philips, Tim (2007) Knockoff: The Deadly Trade in Counterfeit Goods p. 9 [49] Hollyoak Torremans (2005) Intellectual Property Law p.398 [50] Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.549 [51] (1915) 84 LJ Ch 449 [52] Consorzio de Prosciutto di Parma v Marks and Spencer plc [1991] R.P.C. 351 [53] Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.644 [54] Bainbridge, David (2002) Intellectual Property p.679 [55] Ibid p.620 [56] In the matter of applications 2338089 and 2354259 in the name of Baker Street Clothing Limited and oppositions 94205 and 94206 by La Chemise Lacoste SA (BL 0-333-10, September 16 2010) How to cite Free Law Essay: UK Trademark Law and Fashion Brands, Essay examples Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-21374041213533462492020-04-27T15:36:00.001-07:002020-04-27T15:36:03.038-07:00Slow Drivers Essay ExampleSlow Drivers Essay Have you ever been trapped behind a slow driver when youââ¬â¢re already late for something really important? Nine times out of ten the driver was an elderly person, who has no business being on the road. How many times have you asked yourself, ââ¬Å"What is this person doing? â⬠And how many times have you passed this person, and come to find out itââ¬â¢s a grandma or grandpa? If there is a person who can barely see over the steering wheel, has 3-inch thick glasses, and has poor motor skills, they should not be operating a vehicle. These are the older generation, so to speak, of people that should not be driving. Iââ¬â¢m not sure when a human being should have their driving privileges suspended, but Iââ¬â¢m guessing around age 75 to 90 years old, depending on the case. Not all elderly drivers are a danger to our community, but there are more so than not. There are these aged drivers who are driving so slow and erratic, itââ¬â¢s causing frequent car accidents, not to mention impatient attitudes. Itââ¬â¢s one thing to be driving 45 miles an hour on the freeway, but another to drive in two lanes at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on Slow Drivers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Slow Drivers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Slow Drivers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pick a lane and stay there! It is a known fact that mature adults start to lose their motor skills and have slower reaction times than younger drivers. These fogeys are not all to blame. Itââ¬â¢s the people who are testing them in their driverââ¬â¢s license exams. The driving instructors probably feel sorry for them and are perhaps maybe ââ¬Å"respecting their eldersâ⬠. Doesnââ¬â¢t anybody tell these old folks that they are driving like molasses and irritating people? Iââ¬â¢m sure their children do, and others drivers do, using the one finger salute, but Iââ¬â¢m sure they pay no attention to those ââ¬Å"darn kids! â⬠Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-8083910025456864252020-03-19T13:21:00.001-07:002020-03-19T13:21:03.619-07:00Caregiver vs. CaretakerCaregiver vs. Caretaker Caregiver vs. Caretaker Caregiver vs. Caretaker By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the difference in meaning between caretaker and caregiver: It seems to me that they should have opposite meanings. Is there a difference in usage? Although ââ¬Å"to giveâ⬠and ââ¬Å"to takeâ⬠describe opposite actions, caretakers and caregivers both mean ââ¬Å"people who provide care and attention.â⬠Caretaker has been in the language since the mid-1800s. Its earliest meaning was ââ¬Å"one who takes care of a thing, place, or person; one put in charge of anything.â⬠Here are two early examples of the usage given in the OED: The souters wife..was servant to Gilbert Brown..and..acted as nurse and care-taker to Agnes his daughter. (1858) The caretaker of the house met them, hat in hand. (1859) Caregiver is a newcomer that entered American English in the 1960s and migrated to British English in the 1970s. It means ââ¬Å"a person, typically either a professional or close relative, who looks after a disabled or elderly person.â⬠Caregiver can also refer to a parent, foster-parent, or social services professional who provides care for an infant or child. According to estimates from the National Alliance for Caregiving, during the past year, 65.7 million Americans (or 29 % of the U.S. adult population involving 31 percent of all U.S. households) served as family caregivers for an ill or disabled relative. In modern usage, caretaker is sometimes used with the same sense as caregiver, but itââ¬â¢s more commonly used with these two main meanings: 1. noun: a person who looks after property: Alan John, caretaker at Buckholme Towers School in Lower Parkstone for 17 years, died in June this year at Forest Holme Hospice. St. Louis looks to overhaul Soldiers Memorial, find new caretaker 2. adjective (or attributive noun): designating a government, administration, etc., in office temporarily: CAS Coovadia, the MD of the Banking Association of South Africa, has been appointed as the caretaker CEO of Business Unity South Africa (Busa) while the business organisation looks for a new CEO. Bulgarian president names new caretaker government A group of people being looked after by a caregiver is called a ââ¬Å"care group.â⬠An individual being looked after by a caregiver may be called anything from ââ¬Å"Mr. Jonesâ⬠to ââ¬Å"Momma.â⬠Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Helpâ⬠Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your Writing9 Forms of the Past Tense Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-5851129542334095792020-03-03T05:07:00.001-08:002020-03-03T05:07:02.523-08:00Bad education, The Guardian - EmphasisBad education, The Guardian Bad education, The Guardian Recruiters say grammatical sloppiness is depressingly common among young job seekers but could you do any better? By Emma-Jayne Jones and Robert Ashton Rhythm really has your two hips moving. The car was stationary. Paper is stationery. Sound like gobbledygook? Some people feel that mnemonics like these to remember simple spelling rules can be the difference between getting a job and losing it. Around half of all CVs received by recruitment consultants, says the Recruitment and Employment Commission, contain spelling or grammatical errors, and these are most likely to be made by those aged between 21 and 25. In this age group, graduates are twice as likely to make mistakes as those who did not go on to university. The feedback we have received from recruiters is that there are worrying shortcomings in the written communication skills of this age group, says Tom Hadley, director of external affairs at the REC. You would expect that by the time students reach universities they would have good basic written skills, but the results show that this isnt the case. Formal written communication is, in part, being eroded by our text and email culture. These methods of communication are instantaneous, so no time is taken to proofread messages before they are sent. CV errors give the impression that university qualifications may not meet the standards demanded in everyday work, says Hadley. Having a degree is one thing but it is no substitute for basic skills. If people can get into university and graduate without needing them, it is a bad sign for the future. In the workplace, todays graduates are not alone in their literacy shortcomings. Anyone who went to school between the late 60s and the late 90s is part of a lost generation when it comes to any kind of formal education in grammar and punctuation. Both were missing from the UK school curriculum for more than 30 years. Writing sentences with different verb tenses, or no verb at all; using nouns and verbs that dont agree; leaving out apostrophes, or putting them in when they are not needed; punctuating quotes incorrectly; forgetting commas or using too many: all of these are common failings in peoples writing. Spelling tends to be less of a problem, thanks to spellcheckers. But how would the average office worker fare if those were taken away? There is no doubt that, both inside and outside the workplace, people are gaining a more acute awareness of language and are irritated by its misuse. Companies are responding by seeking out help with grammar and punctuation for employees at every level. Test your knowledge So how does your knowledge stack up in this new literacy-sensitive era? You may have received a copy of Lynne Trusss Eats, Shoots Leaves as a Christmas stocking filler, but have a look at the following extract from a change consultants report to management and see if you can spot the grammar, punctuation and spelling mistakes. Management wants to introduce new measures to combat the noticable increase in sick leave. The average annual number of sick days has risen from five to 10 which is seen as a considerable embarassment to the new HR director. But I wonder if the responsibility should lay solely with her? And even if management does agree whos responsibility the problem is they also have a seperate and justified concern that any action taken should be carefully-considered. Meanwhile, although the employees are hoping for a decent pay rise its likely that their going to be disappointed. The CEOs arguement is that they got one last year and theres been no corresponding improvement in performance so hes not prepared to consider another rise. He said The pay rise has had the opposite affect. People have become more lethargic, since we started paying them more. However other board directors might feel that higher pay will accelarate performance, although it will take time. Whatever happens with regards to pay rises, the principle point here is that its time the Board announced its decision. The uncertainty is effecting staff morale, less people than expected are supporting company events, as theres a general feeling that the responsibility for making these events a success is not theirs. So how did you get on? Heres a breakdown of the errors. MISSPELLINGS noticable noticeable embarassment embarrassment seperate separate arguement argument accelarate accelerate GRAMMAR AND PUNCTUATION Paragraph one, second sentence: There should be a comma before which. Third sentence The responsibility should lie solely with her, not lay solely with her?. Lay is a transitive verb, so it must be followed by an object for example: She lays the table. The question mark is unnecessary here as it is not a direct question. Final sentence There should be a comma before even if and the one after problem is to denote that this clause is extra to the main idea. The first part says management does agree, whereas the second part says they also have a concern (strictly speaking, management is singular, but avoid mixing singular and plural). It should be whose, not whos. Whos is short for who is or who has; whose is about possession. Add another dash after and justified to show that this is an aside. Also, never use a hyphen after adverbs ending in -ly Paragraph two, first sentence A comma should follow pay rise to denote that this clause is extra to the main idea. Its likely, not its likely. Use an apostrophe only when its is short for it is or it has Theyre going to be, not their going to be, because the meaning is they are and is not possessive. Second sentence There should be an apostrophe for CEOs because it is possessive; and a comma between performance and so to denote a natural pause. Third sentence A comma or colon is needed to introduce the quote. Effect, not affect. A person can be affected by an incident, whereas an effect is the result of an incident. The comma between lethargic and since should not be used, as there is no natural pause here. A comma should come after the However, to give the reader the correct sense of the sentence. Paragraph three, first sentence Principal, not principle. A principle is a fundamental truth or a standard of personal conduct. Principal denotes something which is most important. Its decision, not its decision (see above). Second sentence Affecting not effecting (see above). Two separate sentences. Ideally, use a semicolon as the two sentences are very closely linked, but you could get away with a full stop. Fewer, not less. Fewer refers to a smaller number of something; less refers to a smaller quantity. For example: There was less milk in the bottle than before. Theres, not theres, as its an abbreviation for there is. Theirs, not theirs. The word theirs does not exist (other than in the headline on page nine of one tabloid newspaper last month: Hell family banned from all 900 homes apart from theirs). Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-6982601926450831752020-02-15T20:31:00.001-08:002020-02-15T20:31:02.744-08:00Managing organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsManaging organization - Essay Example Employeesââ¬â¢ needs are an essential internal element in bringing effectiveness, and high performance in an organization, whereas organizational technology, size, political/ regulatory changes, ethics and environmental changes are the external conditions that could influence performance (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). Talents and skills of the workforce are indispensable if a firm is to become a high performing. Organizational performance is bound to suffer when organizational members are insufficiently trained or skilled. Managers have to change the nature of workers tasks from being routine jobs to empowered roles. Traditionally, employees were assigned tasks from the top management, where information and control of tasks were centered. Nevertheless, the modern context requires workers to perform roles that are part of the dynamic social system. A role has discretion and responsibility, permitting an individual to utilize his or her ability, talent, skills and judgment to accomplish an organizational outcome or goal. Employees and their knowledge are weighty than the means of production or the means of service delivery in relation to organizational prosperity (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). ... The contemporary workplace contains numerous employees who execute most of their work through computers, and may also work in virtual teams that are electronically linked around the globe. Diversity is another aspect that modern organizations cannot afford to overlook. As globalization continues to be part of organizationsââ¬â¢ playing field, the human resource and customersââ¬â¢ base change dramatically. Managing diversity effectively results in increased organizational performance. An example of a corporation that registered organizational success and performance by embracing diversity is the Avon Corporation and the McKinsey & Co. (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). An organizationââ¬â¢s culture that forms the key values, beliefs and comprehensions and norms shared by workers may influence organizational performance. Values and beliefs are essential in helping an organization execute its corporate strategy and attain its mission. Well established values are the deep drivers of wor ker behavior and are well understood by employees. Thus, beliefs and values that are embedded in the organization and are congruent with the companyââ¬â¢s approach to leadership enhance organizational performance. An organizationââ¬â¢s processes and structure determine how an organization arranges its work policies, processes and procedures to sustain and execute corporate strategy. Processes and structure of an organization influences the level of organizational performance. Organizations that experience high performance put processes that reinforce strategy and tasks to most effectively allow human (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). The influence of ethics in the contemporary world of business is a development in organizations that constrains the freedom of organizational members. Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-48325337036472882922020-02-02T12:36:00.001-08:002020-02-02T12:36:02.661-08:00Fundementals of nursing informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsFundementals of nursing informatics - Assignment Example A patient care scenario will be discussed to discern how NANDA, NOC and NIC elements were applied. The data, information, knowledge and wisdom framework will be applied to develop the patient care scenario. STNs are utilized as part f the Electronic Health Records in healthcare setting and symbolize the nursing data, information, as well as knowledge, which can be kept in the electronic systems to be utilized as a reference by doctors or nurses. The scenario that this paper will be discussing is: 40 year old male patient presenting to the ED with CP x 3 days and c/o SOB. Pt is diaphoretic and pale on arrival. VSS are BP 123/74; HR 130; pt. with shallow rapid respirations rate 36; O2 sat 96% on 4L NC. The registered nurse chose the correct clinical diagnoses make use of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) terminology rooted in the patientââ¬â¢s immediate needs, as well as her comprehensive evaluation. The care plan she developed has a linkage between patientsââ¬â¢ needed goals, interventions and diagnoses. Utilizing the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), the patient and nurse set the desired short-term and long-term goals. Nursing diagnosis, which would be practical for the scenario might be: reduced cardiac output r/t compromised regulatory mechanism; excessive fluid volume r/t compromised regulatory mechanism; fear r/t unknown outcome of developing situation, nervousness r/t situation of sickness and knowledge deficit r/t nonconformity with medication. Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), on the other hand, is an all-inclusive, standardized classification of clinical outcomes developed to assess the impact of interventions offered by nurses (Mà ¼llerâ⬠Staub et al., 2006). Rooted in the scenario, the NOC might be: Excessive Fluid Volume: Fluid Balance, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance, Hydration; Fear: States precise information on the situation, Verbalizes known fears; Anxiety: Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-69676347482682671202020-01-25T09:00:00.001-08:002020-01-25T09:00:03.027-08:00William Wordsworths Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey EssWilliam Wordsworth's "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey" Whereas most individuals tend to see nature as a playhouse that should alter and self-destruct to their every need, William Wordsworth had a very different view. Wordsworth perceived nature as a sanctuary where his views of life, love, and his creator were eventually altered forever. The intensity of Wordsworth's passion for nature elevated him from a boy into the inspiring man and poet in which he is recognized to be today. One of the most compelling works Wordsworth ever devised was that of "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey." The poem enlightens the reader on the awesome power and depth of nature, which Wordsworth has discovered in his trials and tribulations upon the earth. Thus, to fully understand the significance of nature in all lives told through "Lines Composed A few Miles Above Tintern Abbey" one must understand the setting and mood, as well as comprehend the rhyme scheme, and use of many diverse poetic devices that interact within the poem. One is able to gain insight into "Lines Composed a Few Lines Above Tintern Abbey" by first trying to understand the mood and setting of the poem. Although it "is a miniature of the long poem Wordsworth never quite wrote" (Robyn Young p.409) it lacked nothing as far as depth and intensity goes. Wordsworth was very skilled in such areas, although his writing may be come very complex it is said that it was a result of "the spontaneous overflow of emotion" (Gale Net). Wordsworth wrote this poem, as cited by Wordsworth without "any part of it was written down till I reached Bristol" (F.W. Bateson p.191). Wordsworth was a firm believer that man should ?find an immanent force that unites them with their physical and spiritual environments? (Jan Shoemaker p.1). As Wordsworth revisits this beloved place of his (Tintern Abbey) he is reminded of how he once perceived this sanctuary. Wordsworth attempts to compare and contrast two worlds, Brian Barbour states ?Wordsworth?s basic strategy is to a ppeal to the spiritual while remaining entirely within the natural order?(Barbour p.154). When he was a young child he came to this valley using it as his own personal playground. He never gave nature the respect and praise that it so deserved. He just saw nature through a young child?s eyes; he saw a tree in which to climb, grass in which wa... ...pt. The reader viewpoint of nature in a sense is altered, as Wordsworth is erudite about the wonders of our mother nature. One must learn to live in harmony with nature to fully understand our true character and to enjoy the gracious gifts of natural world that have so graciously bestowed upon us all. Works Cited Barbour, Brian. "Between Two Worlds." Nineteenth-Century Literature. California Press (1993): 14 7-168 Bateson, F.W. Wordsworth a Re-Interpretation. London: Lowe and Brydone (Printers) Limited, 1956. Bloom, Harold. Bloom's Major Poets. Pennsylvania: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Gill, Stephen. A Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Hartman, Geoffery H. The Unremarkable Wordsworth. Vol. 34. Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 1987. Shoemaker, Jan. Bill and Gus. [Online] http://FirstSearch.oclc.org. Jan 27, 2000. Wordsworth, William. Detroit: Gale Company, 1999. [Online] Exploring Poetry. Feb 22, 2000. Wordsworth, William. Lines Composed. [Online] http://www.library.com/poems, Feb 29, 2000 Young, Robyn V. Poetry Criticism. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale Company, 1992 Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-4640179361851658872020-01-17T05:24:00.001-08:002020-01-17T05:24:05.244-08:00English Language Learners EssayEnglish Language Learners (ELLS) are usually foreigners who composed the minority students of the country. Even if they are not native citizens of the United States there needs and rights should be properly respected and protected especially in terms of the process of their learning of the English language. The succeeding paragraphs will discuss some cases that affect the rights of these ELLs. The cases of Lau v. Nichols (1974) and Plyler v. Doe (1982) have substantial improved the education of ELLs. The unanimous decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Lau v. Nichols orders that all students should have an equal access not only to facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum but also in learning the English language. The court believes that difficulty in comprehending the English language deprives the student of meaningful education. Moreover, the case of Plyler v. Doe opens the doors for immigrants to enroll their students in public schools. This gives immigrant children the right for free public education regardless of whether their parents are documented or not (Legal Responsibilities of Education Agencies Serving Language Minority Students). Other judicial rulings like in the case of Serna v. Portales (New Mexico, 1974), Cintron v. Bretwood (New York, 1978), and Castaneda v. Pickard (Texas, 1981) have also contributed in enhancing the rights of ELLs as well as in addressing their needs. These are clearly shown by the bilingual and bicultural instruction programs that were implemented after the court found out that Spanish students are discriminated in the Serna v. Portales case. Equal treatment among ELLs are also further emphasize by the remaining two cases wherein it made sure that the bilingual programs would uphold both languages rather than subordinating the other one. Lastly, the Castaneda v. Pickard case has a very important role in the enhancement of the right of ELLs because it served as a basis in assuring a schoolââ¬â¢s compliance with the Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 (Legal Responsibilities of Education Agencies Serving Language Minority Students). In all these, it is seen that judicial rulings are indeed important because there interpretation of the law had been a way in order to improve the situation of ELLs in their learning process. Work Cited ââ¬Å"Legal Responsibilities of Education Agencies Serving Language Minority Studentsâ⬠. 1995. 28 August 2008 . Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-80707090295466881462020-01-09T01:47:00.001-08:002020-01-09T01:47:05.100-08:00The Epic Father-Son Battle Phillip Ii Versus Alexander... The Epic Father-Son Battle: Phillip II versus Alexander the Great Chris L. Word Count: 1595 During the times of ancient Greece, perhaps one of the most influential and known powers was Macedonia. Macedoniaââ¬â¢s empire existed from the 800s BC to 146 BC and is principally known for the accomplishments of itââ¬â¢s leaders: Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great. Phillip II worked internally in the regions near Greece strengthening his country, while Alexander operated very far from Greece, conquering much of the known world. Both of these leaders are two very different people, which makes them hard to compare, but a question arises; to what extent was Alexander greater than Phillip II? The purpose of this essay is to examine both leadersââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ ¦show more contentâ⬠¦He quickly created alliances and subdued anyone who opposed him. He strengthened loyalties by taking various actions such as marrying Olympia and he conquered what he saw would be beneficial for his empire. For example, he conquered the Athenian colony of Amphipolis in Thrace (357 BC), which historians see as a key move as it gave him possession to the gold mines of Mount Pangaeus, which financed his empire and Alexanderââ¬â¢s military later on. He also conquered Potidea in Chalidice, Pynda on the Thermaic Gulf and Crenides in Thrace. With all these places under his control, he earned a seat in the Delphic council. When Thebes and Athens rebelled against him in 338 BC, at the battle of Chaeronea, he defeated them, securing his rule and thus uniting the country. Unlike Alexander, Phillip started out threatened to lose control of his country, but then he united it and gained power. Overall this is a key move that distinguishes Phillip II from Alexander. The reason Alexander would be considered greater than Phillip II is because he was able to defeat the Persian Empire and then conquered most of the known world, which Phillip failed to achieve. Alexander truly had a profound impact on history as stated by Tomas R. Martin, an American historian: ââ¬Å"Alexander is a legend, but heââ¬â¢s not a myth. Heââ¬â¢s real. What he did ââ¬â for better or for worse ââ¬â shows in the starkest and most exciting terms the lack of Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-44232684120923877522019-12-31T22:11:00.001-08:002019-12-31T22:11:04.075-08:00Toni Morrisons Beloved Not a Story to be Passed On... Toni Morrisons Beloved: Not a Story to be Passed On Beloved, Toni Morrisons Nobel Prize winning novel, is a masterfully written book in which the characters must deal with a past that perpetually haunts them. This haunting, in the form of a twenty year old ghost named Beloved, not only stalks them in the spirit, but also in the flesh. Beloved, both in story and in character hides the truth in simple ways and convinces those involved that the past never leaves, it only becomes part of who they are. This contortion of truth does not allow any character to escape. Each one hides and runs from the brutality of slavery, yet cannot escape its heritage. Set in the post-Civil War era of the rural Ohio back roads, each protagonistâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦She succeeded in killing one; she tried to kill two others. She hit them in the head with a shovel and they were wounded but they didnt die. And there was a smaller one she had at her breast. She had placed all of the value of her life in something outside herself. That the woma n who killed her children loved her children so much; they were the best part of her and she would not see them sullied. She would not see them hurt. She would rather kill them, have them die. (Taylor-Guthrie, 207-208). The same publication that leads Morrison to conjuring up the characters and the story of Beloved also surveys the horrors of slavery in the mid 1800s. Morrison dedicates the book to Sixty Million and more(Morrison, i) slaves and acknowledges the freedom that each slave yearned for. This freedom constitutes having the ability to chose ones own responsibilities and loving other people more than you love yourself. (Taylor-Guthrie, 195-196). Morrisons characters stand in for all those slaves and former slaves who were unceremoniously buried without tribute or recognition. As she feels chosen by these slaves to attend to their burial properly, artistically, Beloved becomes her effort to accomplish that. It is an act of recovering the past in narrative, to insert this memory that was unbearable and unspeakable into the literature. (Furman, 80). Even Morrison finds it hard toShow MoreRelated slaverybel Morrisonââ¬â¢s Beloved as Chronicle of Slavery? Essay1105 Words à |à 5 Pages Morrisonââ¬â¢s Beloved as Chronicle of Slavery?nbsp;nbsp; Stories written in our present time about slavery in the eighteen-hundreds are often accepted as good accounts of history. However, Toni Morrisonââ¬â¢s Beloved cannot be used to provide a good chronicle in the history of slavery. While writing about black female slaves and how they were the most oppressed of the most oppressed, Toni Morrison, herself as a female black writer, has a very bias view, as seen by many others. Beloved is written inRead More Comparing the Role of the Ghost in Morrisons Beloved and Kingstons No Name Woman972 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe Ghost in Morrisons Beloved and Kingstons No Name Woman The eponymous ghosts which haunt Toni Morrisons Beloved and Maxine Hong Kingstons No Name Woman (excerpted from The Woman Warrior) embody the consequence of transgressing societal boundaries through adultery and murder. While the wider thematic concerns of both books differ, however both authors use the ghost figure to represent a repressed historical past that is awakened in their narrative retelling of the stories. The ghostsRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved 1524 Words à |à 7 PagesShai-Dae Alford Dr. DuBose ENG 490-02 10 April 2016 Slave Narrative: Beloved Toni Morrison conveys her strong feelings in her novel about slavery depicting the emotional impact slavery has had on individual mainly the centered character Sethe. The protagonist of the novel is unable to fully prosper in life due to resentment and the ability to move on from her past experiences. In Morrisonââ¬â¢s story, since 1873 slavery was abolished for ten years in Cincinnati, Ohio. By the author choosing this settingRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved, The Bond Between A Mother And Daughter1540 Words à |à 7 PagesLove transcends to a spiritual level, allowing for a more intimate connection with the family. Nevertheless, terrible events can blur this concept between being healthy or dangerous. In Beloved, by Toni Morrison, the bond between a mother and daughter is a strong, unbreakable force, like in any family. However, that doesnââ¬â¢t guarantee that it will always be good; it can also be a toxic relationship that slowly kills one or both partners of the bond mental ly and physically. Everyone wishes to be lovedRead MoreSlavery And Social Criticism In Toni Morrisons Beloved1999 Words à |à 8 PagesToni Morrisonââ¬â¢s Beloved was not intended to stand alone as a story and novel; a standalone novel iswill be relevant, meaningful, effective and moving regardless of anything going on outside the world that the author has created. Beloved does not stand alone because it doesnââ¬â¢t render the world outside the novel unimportant; it is so integrated into the context of its time period and the one we live in now that to separate the book from its surroundings would be counterintuitive, and the primary messageRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s About Slavery2573 Words à |à 11 PagesToni Morrison conveys her strong feelings in her novel about slavery depicting the emotional impact slavery has had on individual mainly the centered character Sethe. The protagonist of the novel is unable to fully prosper in life due to resentment and the ability to move on from he r past experiences. In Morrisonââ¬â¢s story, since 1873 slavery was abolished for ten years in Cincinnati, Ohio. By the author choosing this setting it had a great impact on the reader like myself. ââ¬Å"I didnââ¬â¢t see her, but aRead MoreThe Fate Of Twisted Love1604 Words à |à 7 Pages Mr. Levy English III 16 November 2016 The Fate of Twisted Love Toni Morrison uses the theme twisted love in Beloved to show symbolism on her past versus her in the present. I. Beloved A. Some believe that she was Sethe dead daughter 1. ââ¬Å" â⬠¦as she sees the actual flesh of Beloved Sethe disappears into the bond with Belovedâ⬠¦ Denver sees that something must be done.â⬠(Demetrakopulos 75) 2. ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ Beloved was the reincarnation of the daughter she lost initially fils her with joy andRead MoreAnalysis Of Beloved By Toni Morrison2078 Words à |à 9 PagesAn Analysis of Beloved as a Portrayal of American History Toni Morrisonââ¬â¢s 1988 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, Beloved is clearly a work of well deserved literary acclaim. It has been hailed as one of the most revolutionary, poetic, and poignant pieces of modern American literature. The work is characterized by itââ¬â¢s portrayal of the ââ¬Å"Slave Narrativeâ⬠and follows the strife of former slave and mother: Sethe as she is tormented by the memories of her past, the haunting of her home, and the appearanceRead MoreEssay about Memorys Ghost in Beloved1576 Words à |à 7 PagesMemoryââ¬â¢s Ghost in Beloved ââ¬Å"A moment lasts all of a second, but the memory lasts foreverâ⬠- Anonymous In Toni Morrisonââ¬â¢s Beloved, the concept of memory is so intertwined with the novel that it is becomes a character; like any character it has impulses, it breaths, it moves, it pushes action forward, and it prevents it; if repressed it sometimes fights; it gives life, and attempts to take it away. Memory and identity are inseparable and interchangeable; what happened in the past becomes not onlyRead More Remembering the Disremembered Essay4818 Words à |à 20 Pageshas claim, she is not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl who waited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for the chewing laughter to swallow her all away. It was not a story to pass on. - Toni Morrison, Beloved To write history means giving dates their physiognomy. - Walter Benjamin For philosopher, essayist and critic Walter Benjamin, history is catastrophe. Standing as he does at the dawn of World War II and reflecting back Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-37083131873664788782019-12-23T17:58:00.001-08:002019-12-23T17:58:04.006-08:00Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1751 Words In Harper Leeââ¬â¢s famous novel ââ¬Å"To Kill a Mockingbirdâ⬠she uses many elements of fiction to provide a clearer description for the readers to understand the themes better. The main theme of the novel is the distinction of good and evil in the morals of human nature. Lee uses the elements of setting, point of view, symbolism, and conflict to help her develop the storyline of the novel. The story is in the point of view of the main character, Scout Finch. The basic summary of the story is that Scout and her brother Jem spend much of their time in their town of Maycomb, Alabama with their friend, Dill. The three children spend their time spying on the town recluse, Boo Radley. Their widowed father, Atticus Finch, is the townââ¬â¢s most respected defense lawyer. During the novelââ¬â¢s climax Atticus takes on the case of a black man, Tom Robinson, who is innocent but accused with alleged rape against Mayella Ewell. The trial and the events that follow expose the chil dren to the corrupted views of racism and stereotypes by the townspeople of Maycomb, Alabama. In order for readers to understand the novel better they have to understand the author and her literary habits and preferences. According to an article by Jay Mill, Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama on April 28, 1926. She entered into the University of Alabama, and spent a year in England as an exchange student at Oxford University. Lee moved to New York City, not completing her law degree, to become an airline clerk. SheShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words à |à 5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeââ¬Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Leeââ¬â¢s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel ââ¬Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words à |à 4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that ââ¬Å"itââ¬â¢s a sin to kill a mockingbirdâ⬠throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinsonââ¬â¢s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words à |à 6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words à |à 4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words à |à 4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words à |à 5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about oneââ¬â¢s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words à |à 5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Leeââ¬â¢s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words à |à 7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ââ¬Ëtired old townââ¬â¢ where the inhabitants have ââ¬Ënowhere to goââ¬â¢ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words à |à 8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-23882146600332056152019-12-15T14:28:00.001-08:002019-12-15T14:28:03.261-08:00Stock Market and Disk Drive Operations Free Essays Question: ââ¬â Why is Seagate undertaking this transaction? Is it necessary to divest the Veritas shares in a separate transaction? Who are the winners and losers resulting from the transaction? Solution: ââ¬â Seagate is undertaking this transaction to generate significant wealth gains for Seagate shareholders. There is a value gap generates due to Seagateââ¬â¢s VERITAS stake. VERITAS stake value exceeds the entire market capitalization of the Seagate. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Market and Disk Drive Operations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Seagate faces two problems because of VERITAS stake. First, the companyââ¬â¢s core disk drive operations were not receiving full value in the market. Second, the company would incur a significant tax liability if the company attempt to monetize its VERITAS stake be selling the shares. Yes, it is necessary to divest the VERITAS shares in a separate transaction. It helps the company to save itself from tax liabilities and distributing the VERITAS stock tax free to its shareholders. The Seagate shareholders are definitely winner if the two-step transaction will happen. The shareholders of Seagate get higher value of disk drive operations and tax free shares of VERITAS. The Seagate Management is also winner. They get rid of tax liabilities related to VERITAS stocks and get full value of disk drive operations. The VERITAS also feel like winner as they get higher number of stocks in exchange of lesser number of stocks. Question: ââ¬â Does the negative value of Seagateââ¬â¢s operating assets imply markets are inefficient? Solution: ââ¬â The negative value of Seagateââ¬â¢s operating assets implies that markets are inefficient. The core disk drive operations do not receive its full value in the market. Seagateââ¬â¢s Management thinks that disk drive operations value is larger than what the value is in market. This shows that markets are inefficient. Question: ââ¬â Why might a negative value exist? Solution: ââ¬â Tax liabilities: ââ¬â The negative value of the Seagateââ¬â¢s operating assets is due to tax liabilities which the company is facing because of VERITAS stocks. Other liabilities : ââ¬â Fear that managers will destroy value: ââ¬â The negative value of the Seagateââ¬â¢s operating assets is not due to fear that managers will destroy value. Moreover, the investors have trust in the managers of the Seagate thatââ¬â¢s why they want to retain the top management of the Seagate in the newly build company. How to cite Stock Market and Disk Drive Operations, Papers Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-60141622358678524532019-12-07T11:12:00.001-08:002019-12-07T11:12:03.795-08:00Communication Research free essay sample In this assignment the nine creative characteristics in eight different advertisements, will be explored and describe by means of content analysis. 1MAIN ISSUE Explore and describe, by means of qualitative and quantitative content analysis, the characteristics of nine creative concepts and their creative application in eight different adverts, found in two different publications: cross sectional. 2RESEARCH CRITERIA Relevance: Advertising is directly related to marketing, which makes the issue relevant to communication science. Researchability: The issue can be researched by collecting and exploring the creative concepts of eight different advertisements from two different magazine or newspaper publications. Feasibility:The investigation is feasible as there are not many resources necessary, and it is easy and inexpensive to purchase two magazine or newspaper publications. Ethical acceptability: The research deals with eight advertisements from two publications, it will therefore be ethically acceptable because no persons are involved, so no harm can be done. 3EXTENT The research will be done in two magazines, namely the YOU magazine and Destiny both from January 3rd, 2013. Both of these magazines deal with fashion, beauty, entertainment, food and lifestyle. This is a cross sectional study, done on the 2013 January 3rd issues, because of their vast variety of advertisements that can be analysed. The research is done on all creative concept per each of the chosen advertisement. The advertisements chosen include: You magazine:Satiskin- page 33Toughees -page 39 HP- page 40Buccaneer- page 52 Destiny Magazine:DKNY- page 7Chevrolet- page 2-3 Landrover- page 9Bourneville- page 21 I chose these adverts because I found them to be the most creative, eye catching and exciting. This cross sectional study was conducted on July 10th 2013, well in time for the assignment due date. 4POPULATION There are two types of populations, the target population and the accessible population. The target population includes all possible publications and advertisements. The accessible population includes all the advertisements of the selected two publications, namely YOU magazine and Destiny magazine, January 3rd 2013 edition, The different characteristics of the accessible population include different creative concepts; language used/not used ; text and colour; and use of pictures. The units of analysis include the nine different creative concepts within each advertisement. These characteristics and units of analysis are appropriate for this research issue because it will aid me in describing the characteristics of the nine creative concepts and their creative application in eight different adverts. 5ASSUMPTIONS AND SUB-ISSUES Assumptions: Different creative concepts are used in different advertisements selected from the two publications. Car advertisements use more than three creative concept per advertisement. The creative concept, branding, is found in all advertisements. Each advertisement applies more than one creative concept Sub-issue: Do different advertisements use different creative concepts? Do car advertisements use more than three creative concept per advertisement? Is the creative concept, branding, found in all of the advertisements? Does each advertisement apply more than one creative concept? 6GOAL AND OBJECTIVES The goal is applied communication research because we want to investigate a practical issue. Th practical issue in this research is to determine the characteristics of the nine creative concepts in the selected advertisements from the two. The two objectives in this research include exploratory and descriptive objectives. Objectives are exploratory because we want to explore the nine different creative concepts. The objective are descriptive because we want to describe how these nine creative concepts are used in each advertisement. 7RESEARCH QUESTION Which creative concepts are used in different selected advertisements? How do the creative concepts used in the Toughees advertisement differ from those of the Buccaneer advertisement. If more than one creative concept is used in some advertisements, which advertisements are they used in? Is there any particular creative concept which is found in all advertisements? 8THEORETICAL APPROACH Content analysis Content analysis refers to the qualitative or quantitative analysis of the different creative concepts in the different advertisements selected from the two publications, YOU and Destiny magazine. Systematic observations are applied to messages as units of analysis, which include the nine different creative concepts within the selected advertisements. Content analysis is a research tool focused on the content and is used to determine the presence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases, characters, or sentences within texts and then quantify these findings. To conduct a content analysis on a text, the text is coded, or broken down, into manageable categories and then examined (https://www. ischool. utexas. edu/~palmquis/courses/content. html). Operational definitions of creative concepts 1Benefit: Advertisers offers or promises a benefit of some sort. This creative characteristic is used to show how the product can satisfy the consumers wants and needs, and be beneficial to the consumer. In the Tounghees advertisement, in the YOU magazine, a 6 month guarantee is promised. The HP advert, in the YOU magazine, promises the reader that they will be able to print twice the amount of pages at the same cost, thus promising you the benefit of saving money. Buccaneers, in the YOU magazine, promises comfort and quality. The Satiskin advert, in the YOU magazine, promises quality and PH balance. 2Curiosity: If the advertisement does not promise new or exciting benefits, the copy should provoke curiosity (Du Ploy 2009:261). This creative characteristic is used to get the consumers attention and arouse interest in the product or brand. The HP advertisement arouses interest with the statement ââ¬Å"print more, pay lessâ⬠, the reader becomes interested in the idea of saving money. The Bourneville advert, in the Destiny magazine, provokes curiosity with the picture of the woman being licked like a cat during bath time. This image is strange and arouses curiosity. The Buccaneers advert makes the statement ââ¬Å"Making it easy for moms since 1905â⬠, this statement provokes curiosity in the fact that they have been around for so long and are an established company. The Toughees advert, in the YOU magazine, provokes curiosity when they claim that you take 156400 steps at school, per year. The DKNY advert for Golden Delicious arrouses curiousity through the models eyes, and also by comparing the purfume to a delicious golden apple. The Land-rover advert states ââ¬Å"The calm befor, during, and after the stormâ⬠, this indicates that this car is very stable and safeno matter what the weather is. 3Amplification: Amplification is done by elaborating and adding detail about the product or service, to make it more appealing or explain it to the reader. In the Buccaneer advert, in the YOU magazine, there is a history of the company they state that they have earned the title shoe school specialists. The Chevrolet advert, in the Destiny magazine, has a description of the car features included, aswell as a birds eye view of the interior of the car to showcase the spaciousness. 4Claims: Claims are assertions about the service or product supported by data. Claims must contain proof, which can be done by relying on credibility (ethos), or by using an emotional appeal (pathos), and/or a logical argument (logos)(Du Ploy 2009:261). Proof can take the form of guarantees. In the Tounghees advertisement, in the YOU magazine, a 6 month guarantee is promised. Claims can also take the form of approval from accredited source. In the Buccaneer advert, in the YOU magazine, they state that they have earned the title school shoe specialists, this being recognistion of credibility. The Buccaneers adverts also uses logic when they provide a 6 step checklist for a comfortable fit and how they adhere to all checklist items. 5Actions:This includes the actions the consumers take when purchasing a product or service. These invitations to contact the organisation are places at the end of the advertisement. In the advertisement for DKNY, in the Destiny magazine, they invite the reader to join the care club on facebook. Although none of the other advertisements invite the reader to contact the organisation, many of the advertisements do provide a website to visit and indicate that they are on Facebook and twitter to get more information. 6Brand name: The brand name, term or symbol is what makes a brand identifiable, and distinguishes it from other services or products. Brand names must be included in the advertisement and is usually repeated verbally or visually (Du Ploy 2009:263). In the Satiskin advert, the brand name is repeated in the information section as well as on the bottles. In the HP advertisement, the HP logo is shown twice and the name is shown another three times. The Buccaneers advertisement mentiones the brand name eight times in the advertisement. The brand name is very important in establishing a brand identity and creating brand awareness. In the selected adverts, the brand name is included in every advertisement. 7Appeals: This refers to the way the advertisement reaches out to the specific target audience. The Toughees and Buccaneer adverts in the YOU magazine, will both immediately appeal to mothers with school going children. The DKNY advert, in the Destiny magazine, appeals to females because of the statement ââ¬Å"a fragrance for womenâ⬠. The chevrolet advertisement appeals to the adventurous man through the use of the picture of the camping and climbing gear in the car. Land-Rover also appeals to men, by making the car look strong and masculine is the story weather 8Slogan: This is a motto, catchword, catch phrase or jingle used to make the brand more identifiable. Slogans are created for specific campaigns, or are used permanently for a company. Slogans should be short, simple and represent what the brand or product is. In the Destiny magazine, for Chevrolet, the permanent slogan is ââ¬Å"where will Chevrolet take you? â⬠. The Landrover slogan is ââ¬Å"Above and beyondâ⬠, indicating that this car is better than the rest. In the YOU magazine the Satiskin slogan is ââ¬Å"indulge your sensesâ⬠, this suggests that the product is both good on the skin and has a great smell. The Bourneville slogan is ââ¬Å"on the deliciously dark sideâ⬠. 9Factual and emotional approach: Factual approach uses rational communication which is logical, descriptive or scientific (Du Ploy 2009:263). A factual approach makes strong claims and uses demonstrations to convince the consumer that they are scientifically proven. The HP, the Buccaneers and Chevrolet advert all use factual information, providing facts about the product. The emotional approach uses communication that expresses and excites feelings (Du Ploy 2009:263). The emotional approach creates feelings, images, meanings and beliefs about the product that may be activated when the consumer uses it. The Land-rover advert creates feelings of excitement and fearlessness because of the stormy backdrop, thus making the reader feel like this product will be exciting but stable and safe when driven. The Bourneville advertisements also creates emotions of desire and playfulness that is expected when one eats the ice cream. The satiskin advert appeals to a womens femanine side, and need for luxuary in the comfort of your own home. The image of the young boy and his monther doing math home work in the HP advert evoked the emotion of giving your child the best for less. 9RESEARCH DESIGN The research design used for this research is both qualitative and quantitative applied research. Quantitative research, deals with the quantification of data (counting and representation of data in numbers and/or percentages); using statistical programmes to draw inferences and make calculations based on the collected data. The objective of quantitative design is to describe, predict and explain quantities and to generalise from a sample to the target or accessible population by collecting numerical data. (Du Plooy 2001:83). Questions in the questionnaire are closed-ended, where respondents merely had to answer yes or no, or select an option from a list, or list information in order of preference. The researcher explores the creative concepts identified in the chosen advertisements. By investigating how the creative concepts are applied practically in current advertisements, the researcher draws numerical comparisons between the selected advertisements and the creative concepts applied within. Qualitative research is where opinions are expressed. There will be no figures, only opinions and findings related to written responses. Qualitative research is appropriate because we intend to examine the properties, values, and characteristics of a message. The researcher analyses advertisements and creative concepts to confirm theoretical assumptions made. The objective is to explore areas where limited or no prior information exists and to describe the behaviour, themes, attitudes, needs or relations that are applicable to the units analysed (Du Plooy 2009:88). Both inductive and deductive methods of reasoning are used in this research. Assumptions, sub-issues, research questions are guided by the theory of persuasive communication as per deductive reasoning. Method of reasoning is deductive because operational definitions are formulated and researched with the intention to verify them. This study also seeks to test the theory on persuasive communication by accepting and/or rejecting said assumptions in as well as to answer the research questions. (Du Plooy 2001:82). Inductive reasoning is applied to the analysis of creative concepts to confirm the theoretical assumptions in order to draw general conclusions. Research questions are based on these assumptions and the specific frequency with which each creative concept is measured in advertisements. 10DATA-COLLECTION AND TECHNIQUES Cross-sectional research is done on both quantitative as well as qualitative designs due to applying both inductive and deductive reasoning. Quantitative method can be used as the creative concepts can be counted in each advertisement, how many times they appear. Content analysis method is used to record the frequency that the creative concepts appear in each of the eight selected advertisements. Content analysis uses four specific units of analysis. Physical units include the medium of the communication, the number of pages, the size and space of the print media (Du Ploy 2009:214). Syntactic units include the paragraphs, sentences, phrases, clauses or words used in the text (Du Ploy 2009:214). The thematic units are the repeating patters of propositions or ideas related to a specific issue (Du Ploy 2009:214). Propositional units involve the questions, answers, statements, assertions and arguments used (Du Ploy 2009:214). Qualitative design is appropriate when we intend examining the properties or characteristics of messages (Du Plooy2009:88). Qualitative content analysis will be used as a research method to explore and describe the creative concepts that are evident in the selected advertisements. This would be done by looking at one advertisement and finding out whether or not a creative concept is present. Method of reasoning is deductive because operational definitions are formulated and the theoretical approach discussed. Inductive reasoning is applied to confirm the theoretical assumptions in order to draw general conclusions. The goal is applied communication research because we want to identify and investigate the nine creative concepts within the eight advertisements from the two different selected publications, YOU magazine and Destiny magazine. Ratio level of measurement is used to give an indication of whether the particular creative characteristic is present or absent in each of the advertisements. A tally sheet is used to allocate the data into specific categories. Categories in the tally sheet include the nine creative concepts namely benefit, curiosity, amplification, claims and proof, action, brand name, appeals, slogan and factual or emotional approach. The eight different advertisements are also used as categories. The creative concepts are not mutually exclusive because an advertisement can fall into more than one creative concept category. The categories are exhaustive because each and every advertisement can be placed into a category of creative concepts. The target population for this research includes all possible publications and advertisements, while the accessible population includes all the advertisements of the selected two publications, namely YOU magazine and Destiny magazine, January 3rd 2013 edition. The researcher decides on the sample size before the research starts. Non probability sampling was used because of the small population. Non-probability sampling refers to a sample selected that does not have a probable chance of representing the target population (Du Plooy 2009:123). Purposive sampling is used because the sample needed to be selected with the research purpose in mind. These purposefully selected texts are chosen because they inform the research questions being investigated. The sample advertisements that were chosen, were chosen based on what was believed to be appropriate for the research study. The sample size of eight advertisements from the accessible population, was chosen by the researcher before hand. From the two publications,YOU magazine and Destiny magazine, four advertisements were chosen out of 12 full page advertisements in the YOU magazine, and four advertisements were chosen out of a total of 16 full page advertisements in the Destiny magazine, using the method of purposive sampling. Once the sample is drawn, the researcher then identifies the nine creative concepts applied in each of the eight advertisement. Qualitative data is done through the examination and observation of the characteristics, properties and values of the eight advertisement messages. Each advertisement is analysed to identify all the creative concepts applied in each. This quantitative data found is collected on a tally sheet, and the findings are allocate within categories. The tally sheet organises the data as a visual summary. 11 DATA ANALYSIS Below is the tally table used to summarise the frequencies of nine creative concepts applied within each of the eight selected advertisements. The key below indicates what the advertisements the numbers represent. Along the top of the tally sheet all the creative concepts are labelled. Along the left the numbers of the advertisements are shown. Below is a key, showing what number represents which advertisement. Each magazine received a 1 if the magazine contained the creative concept and a 0 if it did not. Along the bottom the total number of each creative concepts used is indicated, and along the left the total number creative concepts used per advertisement is displayed. Table 1. 0 M A G A Z I N E A D V E R T S CREATIVE CONCEPTS Benefit curious Amplify Claims Action Brand name Appeal Slogan Approach Total % Fact Emo 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 40 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 6 60 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 40 4 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 6 60 5 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 40 6 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 50 7 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 5 50 8 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 40 Total 3 6 2 2 1 8 5 4 3 4 30 % 37. 5 75 25 25 12. 5 100 62. 5 50 37. 5 50 KEY: YOU magazine: 1=Satiskin2=Toughees 3=HP4=Buccaneer Destiny Magazine: 5=DKNY6=Chevrolet 7=Land-Rover8=Bourneville 1= Creative concepts applied 0= Creative concept not applied Qualitative data was collected through the observation of each of the advertisements, to identify the creative concepts applied in each. Each occurrence of a creative concepts, within the eight advertisements, were scored up on the tally sheet. The tally sheet organised the data to provide a visual summary of how many and which creative concepts are found in each advertisement. It is not possible to replicate the research due to the small sample size used. Because of the small sample size and the non-probability method used, the sample is not a good representative of the population. 12FINDINGS Thorough the analysis of the eight selected advertisements the following was found regarding creative concepts applied. 1Benefit:It was found that 3 out of 8 (37. 5%) advertisements used the promise of benefits to show how the product can be a benefit,and thus get the attention of the reader. In the YOU magazine, the Tounghees advertisement offeres the benefit of a 6 month guarantee, this guaratee is a benefit to the possible consumer because it is a gaurantee that the product will last for atleast 6 months, and if not the compant will replace the product. The HP advert promises the reader the beneifit of saving money by being able to print twice the amount of pages at the same cost. This benefit is apealing to all house holds and offices looking to save money and resources in the struggling economy. Buccaneers promises the reader comfort and quality. The Satiskin advert promises luxury, quality and PH balance. 2Curiosity: The concept of curiousity is found in 75% of the chosen advertisements. Curiousity was used in the most amount of the adverts chosen. In the Destiny magazine, the Bourneville advert arouses curiosity with the picture of the woman being licked like a cat at bath time. This image is unusual and peculiar, and arouses curiosity. In the YOU magazine, The Toughees advert provokes curiosity by claiming that a student takes 156400 steps at school, per year. This creates wonder in the reader as to if this number is correct. The Buccaneers advert makes the statement ââ¬Å"Making it easy for moms since 1905â⬠, this statement provokes curiosity in the fact that they have been around for so long and are an established company. The HP advertisement arouses interest with the statement ââ¬Å"print more, pay lessâ⬠, the reader becomes interested in the idea of saving money. The DKNY advert for Golden Delicious arrouses curiousity through the models eyes, and also by comparing the purfume to a delicious golden apple. The Land-rover advert states ââ¬Å"The calm befor, during, and after the stormâ⬠, this provokes curiousity in the claim that this car can take on any weather. 3Amplification: 25% of the advertisments used amplification. In the Buccaneer advert, in the YOU magazine, there is a history of the company they state that they have earned the title shoe school specialists, and claim to be ââ¬Å"Making it easy for moms since 1905â⬠. The Chevrolet advert, in the Destiny magazine, has a description of all the car features, thus amplifying what the car has to offer. 4Claims: Claims and proof was used in 25% of the chosen advertisements. In the Tounghees advertisement, proof was given in the form of a 6 month guarantee. In the Buccaneer advert it states that they have earned the title school shoe specialists thus providing proof in the form of approval from an accredited source. The Buccaneers adverts also uses logic when they provide a 6 step checklist for a comfortable fit and how they adhere to all checklist items. 5Actions: Only one out of the eight advertisements invited the readers to get in contact with them. In the advertisement for DKNY, they invite the reader to join the care club on facebook. 6Brand name: All of the eight advertisements used the organisations brand name in their advertisement. It is not a surprise that 100% of the advertisements used their brand name, as this is very important in establishing a brand identity and creating brand awareness. In the Satiskin advert, the brand name is repeated in the information section as well as on the bottles. In the HP advertisement, the HP logo is shown twice and the name is shown an additional three times. The Buccaneers advertisement mentiones the brand name eight times in the advertisement. The Land-Rover and Chevrolet both show their logo or brand name on the cars aswell. 7Appeals: 62. 5% of the chosen advertisements apeals to a apecific reader. Both the Toughees and Buccaneer adverts appeal to mothers with school going children. The DKNY advert, in the Destiny magazine, appeals to females because of the statement ââ¬Å"a fragrance for womenâ⬠. The chevrolet advertisement appeals to adventurous men because of the camping and climbing gear in the car. The Land-Rover also appeals to men, by making the car look strong and masculine is the story weather. 8Slogan: 50% of the advertisments use a slogan. For Chevrolet, the permanent slogan is ââ¬Å"Where will Chevrolet take you? â⬠. The Landrover slogan is ââ¬Å"Above and beyondâ⬠, indicating that this car is better than the rest. The Satiskin slogan is ââ¬Å"indulge your sensesâ⬠, this suggests that the product is both good on the skin and has a great smell. The Bourneville slogan is ââ¬Å"on the deliciously dark sideâ⬠. All these slogans help with optimising brand identification. 9Factual and emotional approach: A factual approach is used by 37. 5% of advertisements and 50% of advertisements used an emotional approach. The HP, the Buccaneers and Chevrolet advert all use factual information by providing additional facts about the product. The Land-rover advert creates feelings of excitement, fearlessness but still plays on the emotions of safety. The Bourneville advertisements also creates emotions of desire and playfulness. The satiskin advert appeals to a womens need for luxuary in the comfort of your own home. The image of the young boy and his monther doing math home work in the HP advert evoked the emotion of giving your child the best for their education. The statement ââ¬Å"its pretty easy mathsâ⬠ties in the young boys math home work, making the reader feel that buying this product is an easy choice to make. Sub-issues: Do different advertisements use different creative concepts? Yes, each one of the selected advertisements used a different combination of the creative concepts. Below is a list of the different combinations used, the different colours are used to make the different combinations more ecident. Satiskin- Benefits, Brand name, Slogan and emotionan approach Tougheesââ¬â Benefits, curiousity, claims, brand name, appeal and factual approach. HP- Benefits, curiousity, brand name and emotional approach Buccaneer-Curiousity, amplification, claim, brand name, appeal and factual approach. DKNY- Curiousity, action, brand name, and appeal. Chevrolet- Aplification, appeal, brand name, slogan and factual approach. Landrover- Curiousity, brand name, appeal, slogan and emotional approach. Bourneville- Curiousity, brand name, slogan and emotional approach. Do car advertisements use more than three creative concept per advertisement? Yes, car advertisements use more than three creative concepts. Both car adverts for Chevrolet and Land-Rover, made use of brand name, slogan and appeal. The two car adverts differed in some of their creative concepts used. The Chevrolet advert made use of amplification and factual approach, while the Land-Rover advertisement made use of creating curiousity and used an emotional approach to appeal to the consumer. The below tally table is an extract from the tallly table 1. 0. This extract shows the different creative concepts applied to the two different car advertisements found in the Destiny magazine publication, and proving that car advertisements use more than three creative concepts per advertisements. Table1. 0 extract Benefit curious Amplify Claims Action Brand name Appeal Slogan Approach tot % Fact Emo Chev 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 50 Land 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 5 50 Is the creative concept, branding, found in all of the advertisements? Yes, all of the eight chosen advertisements contain their relevant companies brand name and logos. The below tally table is an extract from the tallly table 1. 0. This table shows that each of the eight selected advertisements used their brand name in the advertisement, and thus making the company more indentifiable and creating brand identity. Advertisements Brand name 1Satiskin 1 2Toughees 1 3 HP 1 4 Buccaneer 1 5 DKNY 1 6Chevrolet 1 7 Land-Rover 1 8 Bourneville 1 Total 8 % 100 Does each advertisement apply more than one creative concept? Yes, every chosen advertisemesnt from the two puplications makes use of more than one of the nine creative concepts. Toughees and Buccaneer adverts for school shoes contains the most creative concepts with 6 creative concepts used in each of their advertisemesnt. Due to the fact that this publication was from January, just before school was starting, these finding are not a suprise as these companies were competing for their clietelle. Chevrolet and Land-rover contains both make use of 5 creative concepts each. Bourneville, Satiskin, DKNY and HP all contain 4 creative concepts in each advertisement. The above claims can be supported by the evidence in the tally table 1. 0. The tally sheet used to simplify the findings into visual categories. Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-75200276558253405942019-11-29T22:53:00.001-08:002019-11-29T22:53:04.486-08:00Weapons of Mass Destruction The Terrorist Threat Introduction In 1945, the U.S. caused an extensive obliteration when it dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which also ended the Second World War. This incident made the whole world to come to terms with the threat that weapons of mass destruction (WMD) pose to the world security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Terrorist Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regrettably, as the major countries have agreed to stop the use of WMD, terror groups have made efforts to acquire and use them for causing havoc in various places around the world. Worse still, technological advancement of this century has increased the possibility of their construction and smuggling for illicit use in almost everywhere in the world. This paper provides an assessment on how a significant terrorist WMD attack can be conducted. Lacy and Benedek note, ââ¬Å"WMD are used to kill large numbers of people, destroy large amounts of property, achieve political goals, and create terror, chaos, and social disruptionâ⬠(2003, para. 2). They also say that the weapons include ââ¬Å"biological or chemical agents, nuclear weapons, conventional bombs contaminated with radioactive materials, large conventional or ââ¬Å"truckâ⬠bombs, and surprising sources such as hijacked airplanesâ⬠(Lacy and Benedek, para.2). Recent horrific incidences such as the Japanese subway attack using Sarin nerve agent, which resulted in the death of thirteen individuals and severely injured several others, have raised the alarm of the possible terrorist use of WMD. In addition, North Korea and other regimes such as Iran have issued threats of possible use of different biological and chemical weapons for causing widespread destruction. Therefore, their use by terrorist organizations is a cause of worry for many nations around the world. Chemical terrorism Chemical wea pons are made from chemical materials with toxic properties and they are meant to injure or incapacitate the enemy, or render a particular place unfit for productive use. Unlike conventional weapons or nuclear weapons, these dangerous weapons do not rely on explosive force to realize their goals; however, they rely on the unique characteristics of the chemicals in causing harm (Croddy Wirtz, 2005). In this century, approximately seventy different chemicals are available that can be used as chemical terrorism agents. During the First World War era, chemical weapons that were used were in the form of gases. In the modern era, however, terrorists can use liquids, solids, or gases having poisonous effects to cause mass casualties. Terrorists can either use persistent or non -persistent chemical weapons to cause destruction. Non-persistent agents, such as chlorine and sarin, stay for a limited period before losing their effectiveness after dissemination; therefore, this makes them to be beneficial for terrorists who want to take over and control a target as fast as possible. On the other hand, persistent agents stay for many days before losing effectiveness.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chemical terrorism can be effected by use of agents that are organized into five different groups based on how they cause harm to the human body. The five categories are blister (vesicant), blood (systemic), choking, nerve, and psychotomimetric agents. Blister agents refer to the chemicals that cause extreme skin, eye, and mucosal pain and irritation resulting in large, aching blisters on parts of the body of those affected. The most common types of blister agents are sulfur mustards and lewisite, and they are heavier than air hence stay in the atmosphere for an extended period of time. Sulfur mustard is inexpensive and easy to manufacture, making it likely to be used by terrorists. The agents readily penetrate the skin causing life-threatening symptoms such as skin pain and irritation, large fluid blisters that are prone to infection, and mild respiratory distress. Since the blister agents are not as lethal as are the nerve agents, they are less likely to be employed by the terrorists. Blood agents, which are cyanide or arsenic based, get into the blood through inhalation or ingestion and cause death in a matter of minutes or seconds by inhibiting the conversion of oxygen into energy. At ambient conditions, the toxic chemical agents are volatile colorless gases, hence are more destructive when terrorists use them in confined areas. They are normally disseminated as aerosols and saturate the blood when inhaled. In order to be effective, terrorists can consider using higher doses of the blood agents that can cause symptoms of dizziness, weakness, and nausea on those affected. Permanent brain damage and muscle paralysis might also occur. A third type of chemical agent is a choking agent, which affect the victims breathing system by leading to a build-up of fluids in the lungs. The fluid-filled lungs render the affected individual unable to breathe and eventually suffocate. When the chemical agents are exposed to the eyes and skin, they corrode the surfaces leading to distorted vision and severe deep burns, and when they are inhaled, they cause multiple complications to the respiratory and the circulatory system. Even though some individuals can survive choking agent attacks, they end up suffering from life-long breathing problems. Currently, some of the choking agents that terrorists might use to achieve their objectives include chlorine gas, chloropicrin, diphosgene, phosgene, and trichloronitromethane.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Terrorist Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among these chemical weapon agents, moder n terrorists are likely to use phosgene since it is the most dangerous and since it is denser than air, it can remain in the air for a considerable amount of time. Chlorine is the most common and the degree of damage it causes depends on the level of contact one has with it. It is believed that modern terrorists can try to simulate the massive use of these weapons, which occurred during the First World War. For example, on April 22, 1915, the German forces opened up 168 tons of chlorine gas on their enemies at the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium, which resulted in the death of many unprepared soldiers. The fourth type of chemical agents is the nerve agents, which attack the victimââ¬â¢s nervous system by restricting the movement of the nerve impulses in the body. Therefore, the affected persons are unable to control their muscles, vomit and lose the ability to control their bladder, lungs stop working and they lose their ability to breathe. Eventually, the victims die by asphyx iation as control of the respiratory muscles is lost due to the effects of the agent. A number of the deadly nerve agents are easily vaporized or aerosolized. They mainly enter the victimââ¬â¢s body through the respiratory system and they can also be absorbed through the skin. Since they are considered as some of the most powerful and lethal of all chemical weapons, they have the potential of causing mass casualties when used by terrorist organizations. Nerve agents fall into two classes: G-series, such as tabun and sarin, and V-series, such as VE, VG, and VM. The fifth type of chemical weapons is the psychotomimetic agents, which affects a personââ¬â¢s mind. They make the victim to develop complications in his or her nervous system and reduces his or her ability to make decisions or move. The person becomes disoriented and can have delusions. The types of this agent that terrorists can use include 3-quinuclidinylbenzilate, Phencyclidine, and LSD In order to achieve the intend ed goal of use of chemical weapons, terrorists must ensure that they are effectively delivered or disseminated to the targets since their effectiveness is highly dependent on the prevailing atmospheric conditions as many of them are in gaseous form. Inappropriate weather observations and forecasting reduces their effective delivery. The most probable forms of attack that terrorists might use are dispersion, thermal dissemination, and aerodynamic dissemination. Dispersion techniques, such as the use of munitions, bombs, and spray tanks, are the easiest form of attack since they involve putting the agent on or next to a target immediately before dissemination, with the intention of efficiently using the material. Terrorists can use this technique by opening a container full of poisonous substances in a place full of people, for example, in a city bus stop.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thermal dissemination is a dispersal technique of chemical weapons by the use of explosives or pyrotechnics and it offers the advantage of disseminating the agent over a considerable distance. This may make it preferable to the terrorists over the dispersion technique. In disseminating the chemical agents, terrorists may use bombs or projectile shells, which expel the agent tangentially when detonation occurs. In spite of the limitations of the use of thermal dissemination devices, terrorists can efficiently use them in the early stages of chemical weapon development. Another delivery method is aerodynamic dissemination method in which a chemical weapon is released from an airplane without any explosion. Aerodynamic stress then spreads the agent to the targeted area. Today, terrorists can opt for this method over the thermal dissemination technique since it eliminates some of its limitations. In addition, the advances in technology have allowed ideal conditions to be predetermined b efore disseminating the chemicals through aerodynamics. Biological terrorism Biological terrorism refers to the deliberate use of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, to kill, incapacitate, or seriously cause extensive harm to a person or persons. The biological agents normally exist in nature, but terrorists may try to modify them in order to increase their ability of causing illness or death to individuals. They can also be made to be resistant to medications or easier to move from one place to another. The bioterrorism agents are spread through inanimate materials and they are not easy to detect when present in these means of dispersion. The agents can also take sometime, up to several days, before causing disease. Other significant attributes that make the bio-weapons attractive for terrorists include their ease of acquisition, ease of dissemination, and can cause mass panic and disruption of a society apart from the real harm they can cause. In the past, bioterrorist s have successfully used biological agents to cause harm to innocent people. For example, in 1993, a religious group in Japan tried to aerosolize anthrax spores in Tokyo but the attack was a total failure. Only one person was infected. And in late 2001, letters infected intentionally with anthrax were sent to news media and the United States Congress and resulted in the death of five people. These instances, and many others not mentioned, illustrate that terrorist organizations are ready to obtain and use biological weapons to cause mass casualties. The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) has classified the biological weapons into three different categories based on the degree of danger that every agent can pose to the population. This also depicts how a significant bioterrorism attack can be conducted. Category A consists of high-priority agents that pose a significant risk to national security, ââ¬Å"since they can be easily disseminated or transmitt ed from one person to the other, they have the ability of causing high deaths, are able to result in major public panic and social disruption, and need exceptional action for public health vigilanceâ⬠(Friedewald, 2006, xxviii). The agents in this category are the ones that terrorists are likely to use for carrying out an attack and they consist of ââ¬Å"tularemia, anthrax, smallpox, botulinum toxin, bubonic plague, and viral hemorrhagic feversâ⬠(Porteus, 2006, para.9). Tularemia or rabbit fever is caused by a very infectious bacterium called Francisella tularensis, which causes fever, localized skin ulcerations, sore throat, systemic infection, and sometimes pneumonia. Infection to individuals is usually caused by breathing or intake of tainted food materials. Since Francisella tularensis widely occurs in nature, terrorists can isolate and grow it in large quantity in a laboratory for carrying out an attack. Anthrax is a non-communicable ailment caused when the spores o f the organism called Bacillus anthracis are inhaled into the lungs where they become active and multiply producing massive bleeding and swelling in the victimââ¬â¢s chest. The person then dies due to blood poisoning. As illustrated in the earlier sections of this paper, terrorists have attempted to use anthrax in several occasions. A highly notorious virus called variola causes smallpox and it is transmitted through the atmosphere from one infected person to the other. Smallpox has a high mortality rate of between twenty to forty percent. Although the World Health Organization declared its complete eradication in 1980, some cultures can still be found in Russia and the U.S. It is believed that the crumple of the Soviet Union made some nations to acquire virus samples of smallpox. This can fall in the hands of terrorists, which they can use to achieve their goals. Other significant threats as forms of biological warfare agents in this category include botulinum toxin and bubonic plague. Category B biological weapons consist of those that are second highest priority agents ââ¬Å"since the terrorists find it moderately easy to disseminate, lead to moderate levels of ailment and low casualty rate, and need specific public-health action such as enhanced diagnostic and detection proceduresâ⬠(Porteus, 2006, para. 10). Some of these agents or diseases include ââ¬Å"brucellosis, food safety threats such as the Salmonella species, water supply threats such as vibrio cholerae, glanders, ricin, and Q feverâ⬠(Porteus, 2006, para. 10). Lastly, Category C is the third highest priority agents. They consist of emerging disease causing organisms that terrorists can modify for mass dissemination. This is because they are readily available, are fairly easy to manufacture and distribute, and are capable of causing mass casualties. Some of these agents or diseases include ââ¬Å"nipah virus, yellow fever, the tickborne hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, and tubercul osisâ⬠(Porteus, 2006, para. 11). Probable forms of attack by use of biological weapons exist, but the means of delivery depends on the target chosen and the extent of damage anticipated. The first means of dissemination that terrorists might use is through the air by aerosol sprays. To accomplish the intended goals, a biological weapon must be made airborne so that an individual can be able to inhale a sufficient quantity of the pathogens to cause disease and eventually death. Second, the biological agents can be delivered by use of explosive devices. However, this method is not as effective as aerosolizing the agents since some agents are damaged by the blast leaving about five percent of the agent to reach the intended target. Third, terrorists can deliver them by contaminating food or water. This can be done either at the source or at some point in the distribution process. Another way can be through direct human contact. For example, a number of ricin-tipped umbrellas have been employed in different assassination attempts. Lastly, biological agents can also be delivered indirectly by means of infected animals or inanimate objects. Nuclear terrorism Terroristsââ¬â¢ use of nuclear weapons is the most destructive of all weapons of mass destruction. It involves the terror groups acquisition and use or threat of use of nuclear weapons or materials whereby sustained fission reaction takes place (Cameron, 1999). This implies that nuclear terrorism is confined to the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) or plutonium (Pu); nevertheless, some people use the term to allude to any type of terrorist weapon using radioactive materials, which involves the use of radiological dispersal devices (RDDs). Terror organizations, with the intention of causing mass casualties in a place, can employ RDDs materials, for example, cesium -137, strontium -90, and cobalt-60. These elements are readily available in several places around the world. A significant nuclear terroris m act can be conducted by the use of either of the two basic types of nuclear weapons: those that produce their explosive energy through nuclear fission reactions alone or through nuclear fusion reactions alone. Nuclear weapons that give out large quantity of energy by means of nuclear fission reactions are commonly called atomic bombs or atom bombs and their active material is enriched uranium or plutonium. Because of technological advances of this century, terrorists can easily manufacture them by use of either gun assembly or implosion method. The gun assembly method is whereby one piece of fissile uranium is fired into another so as to ignite an exponentially growing nuclear chain reaction. In the implosion method, either uranium or plutonium, or both, are compressed until they reach a critical mass. However, since this method is more complicated than the former, terrorists are less likely to use it in causing mass destruction. The second type of nuclear arsenal that terrorists can consider using is that which produces energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions and they are usually called thermonuclear weapons or hydrogen bombs. The bombs depend entirely on fusion reactions that take place involving the isotopes of hydrogen; though, they obtain a major part of their power from the ensuing fission reactions. In contrast to fission weapons, hydrogen bombs lack inherent limits to the energy they can produce, hence they are more powerful than the uranium- or plutonium-based fission bombs. In a typical thermonuclear weapon, the explosion of a fission bomb compacts and increases the temperature of lithium deuteride, resulting in the emission of neutrons, which strike the lithium atoms leading to the production of tritium. As the temperature of the fission reaction increases, tritium and deuterium are fused together leading to the production of helium and neutrons by both fission and fusion reactions. The reaction then continues through a series of chain reactio ns until it ends in an enormous explosion accompanied by a blast of neutron radiation. In addition to the two basic types of nuclear weapons, there are others that terrorists can consider using. Examples are the boosted fission weapon, which uses fusion reactions to enhance its efficiency, neutron bombs which can be specially designed to yield enormous quantity of neutron radiation, and ââ¬Å"suitcaseâ⬠bombs which are portable and could be about 48,000 cm3. The probable forms of attack that terrorists can use to deliver the nuclear weapons to their target include the use of gravity bombs, ballistic missiles, or cruise missiles. In order to successful, terrorists must consider the significant costs related to the delivery of nuclear weapons. Gravity bomb, whereby a bomber airplane is used to deliver the weapon, is the most traditional method of delivering nuclear weapons and it is much simpler since it does not offer limitations on the size of the weapon. On the other hand, it restricts the range of attack as well as the number of bombs that can be released. Currently, with the advancement in technology, terrorists can deliver nuclear weapons by the use of strategic bombers, with or without state sponsorship. Terrorists can increase the efficiency of delivering nuclear weapons to targets when they are mounted on missiles, which also lowers the chances of missile defense. Modern technologies, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVS) make the delivery of nuclear weapons possible in any part of the world with maximum accuracy. Cruise missiles have a shorter range and terrorists can target them to any place on the earth. Terrorists can prefer using cruise missiles to ballistic missiles because they are more difficult to detect and they have the ability of maneuvering anti-missile systems. Other potential terrorist forms of attack are the use of artillery shells and land mines. In addit ion to causing harm to individuals through their impact and detonation, nuclear weapons also affect individuals by the enormous quantity of radioactive material that they give out. The radiation can reach people through a number of ways. First, the radiation can reach the body of an individual when it is absorbed through an exposed portion of body parts such as the skin. Second, contamination takes place when radioactive substances gets into the atmosphere as minute particles and get inside the body of a person through the lungs, digestive system, or wounds on the skin. The radioactive substances can be in the form of solids, liquids, or gaseous particles. Lastly, body tissues and organs can be contaminated when they absorb gamma radiation, beta radiation, or alpha radiation. The contamination can occur before radiation drops to trace levels after an explosion has taken place. Radiological weapons Many atomic experts believe that terrorist organizations are likely to prefer using ra diological weapons in causing mass destruction. This is because, in contrast to nuclear bombs, they are able to spread radioactive substances over a wide area. This increases the possibility of causing destruction to people, animals, and infrastructure. A radiological weapon is principally referred to as a dirty bomb or salted bomb as it employs conventional explosives, such as wastes from nuclear power industries, to spread the deadly radioactive material. Because of these reasons, it is not recognized as a true nuclear bomb. Terrorist organizations can successfully employ radiological weapons for causing fear and death in an area with a large number of people. Because of the adverse effects of radiological weapons, they can make areas contaminated by radioactive dusts and smokes to be inhabitable for a considerable period, unless expensive decontamination efforts are carried out. Even though terrorists have not used radiological weapons before, previous incidences have raised the concern that terrorists may acquire and use them for causing mass casualties. For example, some radiological materials planted by Chen rebels were discovered and disarmed in 1995 and 1998. Moreover, some terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, have publicly expressed their willingness to acquire these weapons. Possible means of deployment of the radiological materials include the use of either radiological dispersal devices (RDD), which spreads the material into the environment, or radiological emission devices (RED), which uses an immobile radioactive source to make people come into contact with high levels of radiation. The source of RED can remain undiscovered for a considerable period of time such as the accident that took place in Goiania, Brazil in 1987 in which four people died and several others suffered from contamination effects. Terroristsââ¬â¢ use of RDD is likely to be more catastrophic, causing massive disruption and widespread panic among the population. If the RDD uses a chemical explosive, the preliminary outcome would come from the huge impact used to disperse the radioactive substance, and the radioactive fallout from this little ââ¬Å"dirty bombâ⬠would spread over a wide area. A ââ¬Å"dirty bombâ⬠is easily available to terrorists. It is a conventional chemical explosive laced with lower-grade radioactive substance that spreads when the bomb detonates, and it kills people through the initial impact as wells as through the resulting airborne radiation and contamination. Terrorists can deliver dirty bombs through various devices such as artillery shells, dynamite, and TNT. Radiological weapons can be employed in poisoning animals, aquatic life, and foodstuffs. Since they are not soluble in water, terrorists cannot poison water sources using them. Terror organizations can also launch a systemic attack in a nuclear plant. They can achieve this by overloading the reactor so that it functions as a radiological weapon. Potential terrorist targets The potential terrorist targets by the use of weapons of mass destruction are inexhaustible. If the chosen target will make the terrorist to realize his or her objectives, then is a viable quarry. Ideal targets may consist of, but not limited to, a place where there is large gatherings of individuals, packed stadiums, restaurants, office buildings, shopping malls, trains, subway systems, airliners, dams, oil refineries, seaports, nuclear power plants, and hazardous cargo on trucks and trains. It is important to note that terrorists may find some targets to be more attractive than others may be. For instance, a bus stop with no people may be less attractive to a terrorist than a full bus stop on a busy Monday. In using weapons of mass destruction, a terrorist is attracted to highly populated targets where many people can lose their lives and excessive damage on infrastructure can occur. The modern terrorist is usually attracted to symbolic targets; that is, places considered to be the might of a country. The September 11 attacks on the U.S. soil illustrate this. The terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center, which symbolized the economic strength of the U.S. and also represented the globalization that Muslim fundamentalists found to be so objectionable. Soft targets; that is, places that are poorly defended, also rank high on the modern terroristââ¬â¢s target list. Examples are institutions of learning, hospitals, and shopping malls. These places are highly vulnerable to terroristsââ¬â¢ attack by the use of weapons of mass destruction since they lack adequate physical security necessary to deter terrorist. Conclusion To this end, it is clear that terroristsââ¬â¢ use of weapons of mass destruction is a major threat that must be countered in this century. Nevertheless, efforts can be made to counter its effects by adopting appropriate measures for prevention, detection, and action. Terrorism will not be completely obliterated from th e face of the earth if individuals settle down and stop making efforts to win the war that has been fought since the beginning of recorded history. This calls for establishment of drastic measures that can prevent them from obtaining or accessing chemical, biological, nuclear, or radiological weapons. Consequently, with the adoption of these counter strategies, the war on terror can be won significantly. Reference List Cameron, G. (1999). Nuclear terrorism : a threat assessment for the 21st century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Croddy, E., Wirtz, J. J. (2005). Weapons of mass destruction : an encyclopedia ofà worldwide policy, technology, and history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. Friedewald, V. (2006). Clinical guide to bioweapons and chemical agents. Notre Dame, Indiana: Springer Verlag. Lacy, T. K., Benedek, D. M. (2003, July). Terrorism and Weapons of Massà Destruction: Managing the Behavioral Reaction in Primary Care. Medscape Today. Retrieved from https://www.medscap e.com/viewarticle/452845 Porteus, L. (2006, June). Weapons of Mass Destruction Handbook. Fox News. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/ This essay on Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Terrorist Threat was written and submitted by user Madeleine U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-27788492368715232262019-11-25T21:40:00.001-08:002019-11-25T21:40:04.299-08:00Choose A Significant Character in Lord of the Flies essaysChoose A Significant Character in Lord of the Flies essays Choose A Significant Character in Lord of the Flies. In describing This Character, Examine What Significance He Has to the Novel and Its Themes Lord of the Flies by William Golding is about a large group of young boys who get stranded on a deserted island. The book is mainly about survival and civilisation versus savagery. The boys must try to work together to stay alive but end up breaking into two groups: the civilised and the savages. In my essay I am going to examine Piggy, describing this character and what significance he has to the novel and its themes. Piggy is one of the very first characters to be introduced. In the novel Golding describes him as being short and fat with spectacles, wearing a grubby windbreaker. He is portrayed as being obedient, saying, my auntie told me not to. Indeed, several times Piggy mentions things his auntie has told him he is not allowed to do and even though she nor any other grown-ups arent there he still remains extremely well-mannered. Piggy is also the most intelligent of the boys and practical. The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down there by the beach. This suggestion would have been the best idea, but because it came from Piggy everyone just ignored him and ran off to have fun or hunt. His differences to the group made Piggy the centre of torment despite him being a major asset to the group. Ralph and Piggy were the first two boys to meet after the plane crash. As of this moment onwards they stuck by each other. They created an alliance. Ralph was the only one who stood up for Piggy when he was being bullied, which made Piggy idolise him. Youre chief Ralph, you remember everything. Ralph was like Piggys hero. He was appointed leader at the first meeting and Piggy was like his sidekick, I was with him when he found the conch. I was with him before anyone else was. Piggy wants to st ... Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-18278025525634531772019-11-22T05:04:00.001-08:002019-11-22T05:04:03.947-08:00Look at the upload file the article title is Smarter Grids are More EssayLook at the upload file the article title is Smarter Grids are More Efficient - Essay Example Modelling of real time information and online system that provides optimized and coordinated control for unbalanced disribution networks occurs. Indeed, electricity distribution companies save energy by maximising energy delivery effieciencies. WO optimizes resources that are highly reactive and voltage control capabilities. There is consumption of thousands of billions of kilowatt-hours as evident in 3.1% yearly increase between 1980-2006. 10% of electric energy from power plants is lost in show and allotment processes. 40% of losses occur on developed distribution networks evident in 2006 when there was a 655 billion kWh energy loss in distribution. Peak demand in a system lasts less than 5% of the time, therefore this potential can be utilized during peak load hours. Electricity distribution network moves energy from substations to consumers because the network includes; medium voltage power, substation transformers and pole-pad mounted transformers. Most energy loss which occur on distribution is ohmic loss resulting from currents of electricity which flow through condutors. Reactive power compensation devices are designed to reduce unproductive components of current. Voltage regulating devices are usually installed at the substation and on feeders with the intent of adjusting the feed voltage. However, fixing of transformers that consist of tap changers named voltage regulator often occurs. Loss occurs due to resistance in conductors, which is determined by resistability of material used to make cross-sectional areas. In saving electric energy, regulation is achieved in accordance to measurementswhich are locally available. There ought to be control strategies that are comprehensively evaluated to establish feeders that could be regulated with multiple voltages. More percentages of electricity are saved when var compensation devises are used. In addition, the use of substation automation system or management systems that deal with Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-16146000784617925142019-11-20T20:32:00.001-08:002019-11-20T20:32:06.632-08:00Phoenix one supersonic airplane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsPhoenix one supersonic airplane - Essay Example It can be done by reducing the direct operation costs, extension of the operating range and at the same time conserve the existing investments in crew training and maintenance procedures. To the manufacturers, it would allow for its production a minimum capital cost. The design of the airplane is model B. Selecting this model would be beneficial to both the society and the company as it reduces air pollution hence conserving the environment. If the board approved commencement of the project, following would take place. There would be a reduction of harmful acoustic effect on the airport environment, increase in the operating range, reduction of the fuel consumption, and aerodynamic improvements (Concorde technical specs, 2014). Aerospatiale prepared a report through the chair and managing director Jacques Mitterrand to the Frenched secretary of state to transport Mr. Cavaille. The report was about a proposal investigation of an improved version of Concorde by the name of Concorde B. The report further explained on the quality of work done and the knowledge possessed by the Aerospatiale Company. The report also gave the go-ahead to an exploratory study that was already being done to upgrade the capability of current Concorde design. As an investment project, the Concorde B model will reduce the monopolistic market, which is only dominated by Anglo-French project. The project will also ensure the company participates in the second-generation supersonic aircraft (Concorde technical specs, 2014). The project approval will confirm an economic interest for the company, which led to the improvement of the Concorde. The project is also favorable to the manufacturer as it allows the company to perform these improvements at a minimum capital cost. The investment project will be environmental friendly as business operations are expected to be ethical. The model will reduce the harmful acoustic effect on the airport environment. Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-15245113325964993882019-11-18T23:25:00.001-08:002019-11-18T23:25:04.277-08:00You can choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1You can choice - Essay Example Agricultural bio-systems and structures are among the most promising solutions that can be applied on the problem. There is increased need to address the issue of global warming especially considering that global population is increasing by the day. More importantly, urbanization and industrialization is increasing the rate of global warming. Therefore, more focus on measures to control the rate of global warming to ensure that the future ecosystem is sustainable. However, agricultural biosystems seems to be one of the ways in which the issue of global warming can be addressed. By articulating different aspects of agricultural biosystems, it is possible to realize long-term benefits in the efforts of controlling global warming. It is important to consider that global warming has largely been caused by human activities. Therefore, it will take human efforts to reverse the effects and control the present rate. Otherwise, it will be increasingly difficult for the future generations to survive in this world if meaningful efforts are not applied at the Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-34879699324955452912019-11-16T11:58:00.001-08:002019-11-16T11:58:04.363-08:00Psychological Perspectives Essay Example for Free Psychological Perspectives Essay Behaviourist approach-we can understand any type of behaviour perspective by looking at what the person has learnt, including personality, confidence, optimism or pessimism. Classical conditioning and Pavlovââ¬â¢s dogs. Pavlov was working with dogs to investigate their digestive system Pavlov attached a tube to the dogs mouth was the sliver comes from. This was then attached to a monitor in whom the monitor would monitor how much sliver was used during salivation. Salivation was a automatic response that is unconditioned (not learnt). Food leads to this almost automatically (unconditioned stimulus). Pavlov decided he wanted to find out how much the dog salivated when associated with different noises before giving him food. Pavlov put up a wooden wall so the dog could not see the food, he then rang a bell the dog began to salivate. Over the day the dog then began to associate the bell with the food a salivated as soon as he heard the bell. It had learnt the conditioned response of salivation to the conditioned stimulus of the bell. Operant conditioning and skinners rats. This was to discover the key principles of new learning behaviours. The rat was first places in the box with a lever which when pressed it released a food pellet in to the box. At first when the rat got in to the box it sniffed around and at some point it pressed the lever, discovering that the pellet was dropped. The rat then repeated this performance and learned that pressing the lever is automatically followed by the pellet being dropped. ( the consequence) The pellet is seen as reinforcing, this means something that the rat would like to have more of. There are two types of enforcement negative and positive reinforcement. Skinner then investigated negative reinforcement by running a low electrical current on the floor of the box, the current would be de-activated when the lever was pressed. The behaviour of pressing the leaver was then negatively in reinforcing. For example humans used pain killers as a negative reinforcement because if you use them the pain then tends to go away. Social learning approach Social learning is what affects a person because of a certain individual or a group of people. This could lead to negative behaviour which could be smoking, drinking and drugs. These could be influenced by friends, parents or a guardian and also from the environment they live in. Albert Bandura proved this because he observed this by doing the bobo doll experiment which was children watching a adult kick, punch and sit on the doll. The children then were allowed to go in a play with the doll and they did what they had observed. But also in the room there was other items that they could play with so they could chose to be aggressive or not but they chose to play with the doll, when they were playing with the doll some got guns involved and pretended to shoot it, which the adult never did. The children also used aggressive language towards the doll, this showed that because they had observed the adult being aggressive towards the dolls the children copied. Bandura also believed that behaviour can be learnt from the following principles observational learning, this is watching someone else perform a behaviour such as smoking, drinking, wearing a cycle helmet, they can be learnt but does not have to be reproduced unless the person is motivated to perform the behaviour. A role model which is an individual that inspires others as they could be prestigious, attractive, have a high status and they may copy their behaviour. Modelling which is the process of basing behaviour for example dressing the same as someone who they may admire. Availability the behaviour to be learnt must be available this could be performed somewhere for the individual to see this could be on TV, the computer, games, there peers and family members. Attention the behaviour must be noticed or we will not be able to learn it, if someone is feeling unwell they may not pay attention which could be a problem because you will not remember the procedure. Retention is behaviour that must be retained which is that the person must be interested enough and old enough to retain the information in their memory. Reproduction the individual must be capable of performing the behaviour. Motivation behaviour will be learnt and then performed. Humanistic approach Maslow was a psychologist that believed we were all seeking to become the best that we possibly can be physically, spiritually, emotionally and intellectually, he called this self-actualisation. He also made the theory known as hierarchy of needs this explains that every human requires certain basic needs to be met before they are able to move on to the next stage. He also believed that all our energies will be focused on the stage that we are at, until the basic needs are met we will not focus on our emotional needs and to feel self-esteem which is how valuable we may feel, for someone who has a high self-esteem they will believe that that they are loved and are loveable and also that they feel important and valued. For someone who has a low self-esteem they could feel worthless and that they have no value to anyone and may feel unloved and that they are not unlovable. Self-concept is developed at an early age and it is the way we see ourselves, for example if someone was a child got told they were silly they are more likely to be that way were if a child is praised they will be behave and will have a positive self-concept. Rogers was interested in concept of self, it is the way we view ourselves which includes physical and biological attributes like being male or female, short or tall. He believed that we also hold a concept of our self which represents as view of how we should be and as we would like to be, when there is incongruence between our self and our ideal self we can become unhappy and troubled. (betec level 3 health and social care book 1) Biological approach The maturational theory is that a child would be born with a set of genetics which are passed down through their parents, which are cognitive, physical, and other developmental processes which unfold over time. It is a theory that states that development is to nature not nurture. Gesells theory was that he believed that the development happened the way it was suppose to, this was from developing in the womb until birth. After birth he believed that this is when the childââ¬â¢s genes started to develop them into the person that they were meant to be. He also believed that the environment supported them developing their skills, talents, personality and also their interests but what was the main thing that helped the child develop was the maturational process. The importance of genetic influences on behaviour is that genes affect someoneââ¬â¢s behaviour in a numerous of ways. A dominant gene can cause disorders like Huntingtonââ¬â¢s disease which can be passed on through a parent. Other disorder could be cystic fibrosis which both parents need to carry the gene in order for their child to get it. Disorders can be passed down but are not genetically determined which can lead to the person developing the disorder for example breast cancer can be passed down if one of the family members carry the gene. Psychodynamic approach focuses on unconscious thought processes, the patient will explore the unresolved issues and the conflicts that they have had in in the past which are believed to affect them in their present life. The therapies focus on relieving and resolving the unconscious conflicts which are motivating their symptoms. Freud first developed the vital ideas which bring about the approach as a whole particularly the idea that understanding behavior requires insight into the thoughts and feelings that motivate our actions. Freud also describes conscious mind, which consists of all the mental processes of which we are aware. For example, you may be feeling hungry at this moment and decide to get something to eat. Eriksons theory differs in a number of important ways. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of predetermined stages. Unlike Freudââ¬â¢s theory of psychosexual stages, Eriksonââ¬â¢s theory describe the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2093790320954394866.post-39525845531533409442019-11-14T00:28:00.001-08:002019-11-14T00:28:04.004-08:00Appeal for Academic Reinstatement :: Letter of AppealI was very disappointed at myself after received dismissal letter from State University. I felt that I let down not only myself, but also my family who hoped for me to earn a bachelor degree from such a great school as Ohio State. There were several reasons that led me to difficulty and lose concentrate in studied. During the time I studied at Ohio State, my older sister who I lived with received the bad news about losing her teaching assistance job at Ohio State. She was the only one who helped support me at that time. My sister was the one who pays rent and most of utility bills. I did help her pay some of the bills and groceries as I only worked minimum part-time. Since my sister was not able to continue her teaching position at that time, I help pay most of the bills included the rent. I certainly did not prepare for the situation and ended up have to start working more so I can help out my sister pays the bills. At the same time, my mother who lives in Thailand also suffered fro m the breast cancer which cost my parents a lot of money for the surgery and medical bills. My parents were in no place to help me or my sister with living costs and expenses here in the United States. Since my sister had only a student visa, and was not a U.S. citizen, I was the only one that could legally work and pay most of the rent and other bills. Working long hours did affect me psychically and emotionally. I lose both of my free time and study times. As I did not plan for the situation included poor time management, I ended up work more and spend less time studied than I should. I know that I struggled to keep up with classes and missed many classes. I did not think it through and thought that I could manage the situation on my own. I did not let anyone know about my situation or seek any help from any instructor or advisor. I ended up with poor academic performance and received bad grades which lead me to academic dismissal. I feel regretted and only wish that I could have made a better decision. After dismissed from Ohio State, I continued to work for whole summer. My sister later received her teaching assistance job back, and could continue her study at Ohio State. Vivienne Knudsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03711609231079144169noreply@blogger.com0